It had also congregated the trade within the city. Boston Furnituremakers and the New Social Media, 18301860, 19.

He also seems to have made ships blocks. Our Guild members often get inquiries from people interested in custom furniture, but for whom it is their first such project. Find out more information about our products via digital brochure which you can download for free. In that sense, the story of the Boston craft community between 1640 and 1860 is about the making of the modern world.

18. Reduced to ashes were thirty-three chairs, three roundabout chairs, a table chair, one thousand bundles of flag, and Stephens house and shop; William assigned a total of 120 for the destroyed materials, tools, and completed work. Winterthur Museum; Museum purchase (1978.0106). Early residents built wharves in strategic locations to shelter coastal vessels from storms and to aid loading and unloading, but deeper-draft vessels typically had to lighter freight to shore via small boats. For most of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, Boston residents were concentrated adjacent to the cove near the middle of the town, on land that straddled Mill Creek and led to the Town Dock from Mill Pond (fig. Classical Excellence in Boston: The Furniture of Isaac Vose, 17891825, 16. The number of turners, joiners, housewrights, carvers, upholsterers, painter-stainers, japanners, caners, lumber dealers, booksellers, and others able to earn a living reminds us that Bostons economy was interconnected, outwardly focused, and highly competitive. Side chair, Boston, 166595.

Today, the company and legacy they built continues to be recognized for the highest quality and the shortest build cycle. Residents had few alternatives. The Windsor chair is the most important furniture style ever produced in America. are now being exported from thence to the other plantations, which, if not prevented, may be of ill-consequence to the trade and manufactures of this kingdom.13, Goochs grumbling echoed what inventories from the Upper South and Middle Atlantic already showed: many common leather chairs, whether of the low-back stool variety (see fig. Some merchant contractors grew wealthy from provisioning troops, but many of the towns young men died from combat or disease.

Thomas Seymour tried this model in 1804 when he and others opened the Boston Furniture Warehouse on the mall south of Boston Common, convenient to the polite townhouses being erected on Beacon Hill. Some seventeenth- and eighteenth-century structures survived, curious relics adjacent to the newly fashionable neoclassical styles. FIG. CONTACT US | BECOME A SPONSOR Winterthur Museum; Museum purchase with funds provided by the Special Fund for Collection Objects (1990.0074 a). Photo, Gavin Ashworth. Being MAS Certified Green means that our furniture is safer for both the consumer and the environment. Shipseven the small ones typically produced by New Englandersrequire a complex array of subassemblies made up of different materials fabricated by people with varied skills, from shipwrights, caulkers, and riggers to turners, mastmakers, and sailmakers. Bostons furniture production was part of a regional and Atlantic World economy. |, Sign up for Guild of Vermont Furniture Makers Newsletter, Funded by a grant from the Vermont Working Lands Initiative, Tiger Maple Dining Room Table with Turned Legs, Cherry Secretary/Entertainment Center, Built-in. Winterthur Museum; Museum purchase (1955.0096.003). Cited in Neil Kamil, Fortress of the Soul: Violence, Metaphysics, and Material Life in the Huguenots New World, 15171751 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2005), 714. Certification program, the Prison Outreach Programs, and other educational initiatives. Its success prompted government officials in other colonies to charge that New Englanders were in violation of the Navigation Acts. During the nineteenth century, designers and manufacturers responded to international and local markets via Restauration, Gothic, French, Italian, Elizabethan, cottage, aesthetic, and colonial revival styles. 2017 Colonial Society of Massachusetts. Connoisseurs may rightly wonder why the city failed to embrace more quickly the implications of the rococo in the eighteenth century. 12 (Dec. 1989): 10c16c; Seating Furniture in Boston, 18101835, Antiques 139, no. The latest design information from Boston was only two or three days away from the remoter parts of New England as bridges and turnpikes speeded up the Massachusetts economy. Private collection. He completed the North Bennet Street School Cabinet & Furniture Making program in 2015.

New England Woodcraft holds a GSA contract for Dormitory, Quarters and Packaged Rooms, providing customers with a wide range of durable casegoods and seating. Makers simply did not need the vertically integrated craft network of Boston to produce Windsor chairs, and chairs were the volume part of their business. John Lanes information is cited in Forman, American Seating Furniture, 242; for more on Lane, see Jobe, Boston Furniture Industry, 73. You can rest easy with shorter lead times and none of the surprises that come with overseas deliveries. 17161798), Philadelphia, 175562. Yellow poplar, maple, hickory; h 44, w 26, d 26. Maple; h 43, w 18, d 18. Running south from Dock Square was the axial route down the peninsula to Roxbury and the South Shore, then known by its segments: Cornhill, Marlborough Street, Newbury Street, and Orange Street (fig. We are thoroughly satisfied with our experience. Thanks to many American scholars and their British colleagues, we know quite a bit about Bostons early chairmakers, even if we know less than we would like about their production volume and trading relationships. And all kinds of flag seat chairs, which can be made neat, durable and as cheap as can be obtained in New-York. By the 1660s, Boston and coastal New England had become a center for shipbuilding and lumber trading, but the signs of this status appeared much earlier.

One simple drawer rests beneath the tabletop, situated on smooth-functioning hardwood slides that compensate for the effects of changing temperature and humidity.

They provided excellent customer service throughout the entire process.

With such efficient manufacturing capabilities and enviable logistics, England attracted the attention of La-Z-Boy Co. and now operates as an independent division since 1995. When the first New England sawmills went into production in the 1630s, labor-short Massachusetts was using technology that sawyers in England resisted because it threatened to put many of them out of work. 30. Weve concluded that the highest-quality hardwood is expertly crafted in our own backyard., She goes on, New England has historically enjoyed a reputation for producing the nations finest wood pieces, and we are dedicated to preserving this tradition.. Nancy Goyne Evans, American Windsor Chairs (New York: Hudson Hills Press in association with the Henry Francis du Pont Winterthur Museum, 1996), see esp.

Meanwhile, areas outside Boston expanded rapidly, helping to maintain demand for its products even as the citys population stalled and declined.

The form had turned rear stiles (some of which were made using multiaxis lathes), turned and sometimes carved front stiles, stretchers, carved crest rails, and joined seat and back frames that could support cane, splint, rush, or leather upholstery. 4. Our furniture is made in the United States by expert craftspeople, and the majority of it is made locally in Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Vermont, and Maine. It doubled in size until the 1740s, after which its population stagnated. What the scholarship on Boston furniture clearly reveals is a growing complexity of forms, styles, price points, and consumer choices as competition heated up within and outside New England amid changes in the cost and availability of materials such as textiles and wood (figs. Officially, the port was closed when the British army arrived to enforce the Coercive Acts in 1774; it reopened in 1776, when the redcoats evacuated, but practically everything except privateering and some facets of coastal trading was dull. The occupying troops had trashed the town, having discovered that firewood needed to be imported from the hinterlands, where hundreds of their comrades had died during the retreat from Concord and the costly victory at Breeds Hill, which generated 1,100 casualties. We guarantee dependable quality service before, during, and after your purchase. Boston both suffered and profited from these conflicts. Engraving on laid paper; h 16, w 23. 12).23. Mahogany, maple, rosewood, ash, cherry, possibly chestnut; h 29, w 35, d 18. The Revolution altered the city profoundly. The real money in exports was in the middling products made for local, regional, and colonial consumers. Among furnituremakers, the export business in chairs led the way by turning objects into commodities detached from producers in much the same way that the export of European textiles had long shaped trade in the Atlantic World. Mahogany, birch, white pine; h 30, w open 78, d 42. Of course, it is possible that it was Sarah who trained Lane. With peace came the need for a massive amount of rebuilding but little cash to pay for it.26, Conditions improved after 1790 as finances stabilized. FIG. Our dedicated and skilled Tennessee craftsmen and craftswomen who build each piece of furniture custom for your home, and built to last a lifetime. Artisans certainly faced many challenges. Tall-case clock, works by Gawen Brown (17191801), Boston, 174555. When he died nine years later, Audebert had managed to recover, and his estate was probated at 407.8.5. They worked closely with us to come up with a custom design. Some cabinetmakers continued to generate bespoke work or provided repairs; many made furniture that was sold in retail establishments under others names, or in auction houses or cooperatives. Vessels tied up significant amounts of capital and were a constant maintenance headache; they made money only when they were moving. If one end of a building caught fire, chances were good the flames would spread to the other end. 31.

The exchange reflected a new reality in colonial political economies: in 1660, New Englands population was more than five times larger than that of the middle colonies; by 1710 the ratio had slipped to less than 2 to 1. He hedged against the competition by investing in specialized equipment with high capital costs (engine tools) to increase quality and productivity. SIGN UP FOR EMAIL NEWSLETTER John J. McCusker and Kenneth Morgan (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000), 135. Unlike the prerevolutionary era, when many of Bostons furnituremakers chose locations near the docks that linked them to the export market, the nineteenth-century domestic market emphasized visibility, integrated services, and consumer access. 220 (Spring 1970): 11030. Implied in this interpretation is the teleological argument that Bostonians should have followed the dictates of fashion plates or the standards of London. 2. The top, li, Dressers & Drawers - Burlington Furniture, Handmade Wooden Chairs | Custom Wood Stools | Vermont Farm Table, Vermont Made Furniture | Vermont Furniture Designs, Catalina Walnut 1-Drawer Enclosed Shelf Nightstand. We support Vermont craftspeople, American economies, and preserving wildlife habitat. Ibid., 6468; the inventory of Crockfords shop and tools is on 6668. This figure is astonishing for a community of about eight thousand and barely seventy years old. Adams had diversified his product lines, but the range of wares reminds us that furniture was often only one part of a craftsmans output. By that time, Isaac Vose was dead, Thomas Seymour was out of work, and the world of small-scale cabinetmakers was a niche market of specialists operating in tandem with factories and subcontractors serving mass retail markets. The bottom of the market included items (slat-back chairs, for example) that cost more to ship than they were worth. Vickers, Young Men and the Sea, 4145; Bernard Bailyn, New England Merchants in the Seventeenth Century (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1979), 7686; Bernard Bailyn and Lotte Bailyn, Massachusetts Shipping: A Statistical Study (Cambridge: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1959), 2021, table 1; Forman, American Seating Furniture, 3962; Charles F. Carroll, The Timber Economy of Puritan New England (Providence, R.I.: Brown University Press, 1973), 140; Benno Forman, Mill Sawing in Seventeenth-Century Massachusetts, Old-Time New England 60, no. The challenge for woodworkers in Boston (and, for that matter, Newport) was not the rococo style as a fashion problem.

Inequalitiestoo much skilled labor and production for a local market, too few resources to exist in isolation, and too much competition to remain conservative for longdrove artisans decisions. In many cases, these objects were simpler, more affordable, and less costly to ship than such forms as blockfront or bomb chests.

For Sale on 1stdibs - Midcentury Kent Coffey pair of nightstands in light walnut veneer. Winterthur Museum; Bequest of Henry Francis du Pont (1954.0528). Mahogany, white pine; h 31, w 35, d 21. We offer extensive options for customization, quick production turnaround for small or large orders, solid durability and unquestioned value. The Boston appraisers who inventoried the estate of Nathaniel Adams Sr., a turner, on November 1, 1675, recorded an array of goods and stocksome of which Adams probably importedthat indicate he earned his living entirely as a craftsman. White pine; h 94, w 22, d 10. Population growth, labor shortages, and housing development expanded the market for furniture but drove up the fixed costs of making it. Each artisan is available for commissioning. It is these values that I celebrate in every piece of furniture made here at Hawk Ridge including Shaker Furniture and Queen Anne Furniture. 11.

5). Although Windsor-chair makers in urban areas took advantage of subcontracting, the form could be fabricated in either the city or the country, in household shops or, later, in factories. Terms of Use / Privacy Policy / LOGIN, Partial funding for development of this website made possible by a grant from the Madelaine G. von Weber Trust. Local resources were becoming scarce. This flamboyant table is one of a pair ordered by George Crowninshield Jr. of Salem for his yacht Cleopatras Barge. 27. Men were not the only agents of change in the furniture trades; it is just harder to find women in the documentary record.15, We must be cautious about assuming that the political and economic problems confronted by Massachusetts residents and governments in the eighteenth century caused a drastic declension in Bostons furniture business. He and his wife, Erin, moved to Vermonts Upper Valley in 2018. Forman, American Seating Furniture, 318; Brock Jobe, The Boston Furniture Industry, 17201740 (masters thesis, University of Delaware, 1976), 348. 6.

Workers could shift energies as opportunities emerged, but only to a point. The simplicity of design, attention to balance and proportion, choice of materials, and unquestionable integrity of construction has always struck a chord in my heart. 28. If we see furniture as the product of a craft community and not just as objects of artistic merit abstracted from their production and domestic contexts, we surface the constant struggle to make a living amid changing circumstances. FIG. Though dispersed throughout Boston, furniture trades were concentrated in particular areas. All Rights Reserved. 10. But relentless competition, new tools, improved productivity, design variations, imported materials, and higher expectations for fit and finish fundamentally altered the trades. It benefitted from being new, from not having to address the politics of established work relationships.8, It is easy to overstate Bostons place in the world during the early decades of its growth. Commercial areas were located in the South Cove, but prior to the 1720s, Bostons residents tended to live in areas farther north of Milk Street or along Newbury and Orange Streets.

The worst period was 174546, when, according to one historian, an estimated 8 percent of men in Massachusetts died. per dozen; 8 gross of taps [for kegs] at 5s. Card table, attributed to James Barker (active 181619), with Thomas Seymour (17711848), carving attributed to Thomas Wightman (17591827), Boston, 1817. This versatile manufactory probably employed about three to six workers who could handle a variety of turning work subcontracted by some of Bostons best cabinetmakers, shipwrights, housewrights, and tradespeople.19, Crockford was clearly a special case of an artisan who prospered because of his sobriety, diligence, and skill. It included, among other things, 7 doz. Our in-house Government project managers have experience providing complete Furniture, Fixtures and Equipment (FF&E) projects for our military customers worldwide. Lieutenant Governor William Gooch of Virginia complained to the Board of Trade in 1733 that scrutoires, chairs and other wooden manufactures. Were proud to be Sustainable by Design. At Hawk Ridge Furniture in St. Johnsbury Vermont (trade name for furnituremaker Paul R. Donio), my work balances the traditional values of early American design with contemporary style and function. England Furniture | Site Map. Bostons blockfront furniture and high chests, to cite just two examples, were not reproductions of Londons published fashion plates, and such forms should not be interpreted as provincial naivet (fig. Use our drop-down menus to customize your hand-made furniture, or give us a call to see just how easy and affordable it is to have unique, custom New England Shaker Solid Wood Furniture crafted especially for you. 15. Together they run their []. Copyright 2022 Circle Furniture. of trenchers at 8s. FIG. 13). They were aware of stylistic trends around the Atlantic World, but they made furniture that was dependent on profitable markets, not just fashionable design. 2022 The Guild of Vermont Furniture Makers; all rights reserved. * These tables are ready for customization - you pick the finish, color and hardware * With their simple lines and traditional feel, these tables would make ideal end tables or nightstands * Constructed of solid wood * Leather insert can be removed and filled with wood * Each, Nightstand walnut Nightstand Bedside Table mid century, The Shaker Square Table demonstrates our commitment to simplicity, with the exposed architecture of the furniture and the richness of the wood itself. 6). gross; 5 grosse & five doz. We believe that where your furniture comes from, and how it's made are just as important as style, functionality and beauty. .

FIG.

(New York: W. W. Norton, 1988), 1:16282; Bernard Bailyn, Voyagers to the West: A Passage in the Peopling of America on the Eve of the Revolution (New York: Vintage Books, 1986), 20439. The simpler explanation is that profits trumped design. The form hit a sweet spot between stylishness and price: the chairs were durable, comfortable, and relatively cheap to buy in sets. The Town of Boston in New England by Capt John Bonner 1722, drawn by John Bonner (16431726), engraved and printed by Francis Dewing (active ca.

Other than fish, Englishmen did not need much of what early New Englanders produced, especially with trans-Atlantic freight charges added to goods that were already available in sections of northern and central Europe. (Please confirm item location - NY or NJ - with.

Newest Fashion Case Furniture in Boston, 16901725: A Transatlantic View, 3. 1. 1(Spring 1991): 2762. 5 (May 1992): 84255. 13. 1), and 1800. It was at this price point that Boston furnituremakers felt the competition, for what was true for Boston applied elsewhere as well.22. Using the opportunistic networks of a maritime world, they mitigated their weaknesses by adjusting to them. Completed by 1715, Long Wharf was able to service the deepest-draft ships, allowing several large vessels at once to tie up, load, and unload. Isaiah Audebert was thirty-six years old when the blaze consumed his house, shop, tools, lumber, sixty black-walnut feet, three Marlborough chairs, and seven mahogany chairs. . For a century, they were an outsize force in the furniture trades of the American colonies. Vermont Woods Studios provides hand-crafted wood furniture built from trees grown sustainably in North America. 7.

Also helpful for a broad introduction to the citys mercantile community is Phyllis Whitman Hunter, Purchasing Identity in the Atlantic World: Massachusetts Merchants, 16701780 (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 2001). Rutman, Winthrops Boston, 6897, 164201. 5 (May 1991): 95669; The Furniture Trade in Boston, 18101835, Antiques 112, no. Less than fifty years after the founding of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, Boston woodworkers were exploiting a high-volume, low unit-cost export market in finished goods.11. So, what is the England difference?

1. We can see some of these changes in the maps developed by Page Talbott for her study of classical furniture; they help explain why people like Thomas Seymour could design and produce brilliant furniture but fail as a businessman (fig. A good starting point is Benno M. Forman, American Seating Furniture, 16301730: An Interpretive Catalogue (New York: W. W. Norton, 1988); for the eighteenth century, see Walter Muir Whitehill, Jonathan L. Fairbanks, and Brock Jobe, eds., Boston Furniture of the Eighteenth Century: A Conference Held by the Colonial Society of Massachusetts, 11 and 12 May 1972, Publications of the Colonial Society of Massachusetts, vol. When times were hard, as they often were in the early nineteenth century, families could live with what they had, buy used, or select items with lower unit costs. Even elite Massachusetts families like the Crowninshields mixed high-end furniture with fancy chairs (albeit expensive ones) on pleasure craft such as their yacht Cleopatras Barge (fig. For a critique of this kind of thinking, see Bowett, Early Georgian Furniture, 59; Forman, American Seating Furniture, 318. 7. 1717ca. Chairs from Philadelphia, tables and fancy chairs from New York, fancy chairs from the countryside, and chests from Salem, Dorchester, or Portsmouth were all part of a retail mix in which speculators, consumers, auctioneers, and distributers, not just makers, shaped the business. Craftsmanship and quality are important to Circle Furniture. Whether you need a small quantity or thousands, we can produce your order quickly. However, the profitability of chairmaking, which had been a mainstay of Bostons furniture trades, suffered a major blow even before the Tea Party shut down the port in 1774. of woodden Sives worth 9s. The combination of rebuilding, profits from the carrying trade, population growth, and high expectations created a speculative bubble of leveraged capital that would pop in December 1807, when the Jefferson administration closed American ports to the export trade. Armchair, Boston, 172050. 16. 16). pr. 6. Evans, American Windsor Chairs, 7998, 46274.

His inventory, taken in 1756, recorded a well-equipped shop that contained turning tools, rasps (one of the most underappreciated implements in eighteenth-century furniture shops), three lathes with specialized mandrels (probably for faceplate and offset turning), two benches, and expensive engine tools (possibly for turning twisted balusters and newel posts).

The patterns of furniture production and retailing that emerged in the first half of the nineteenth century were different from those of earlier times, but they were no less complex or risky than shipping chairs to the Caribbean had been in the 1680s. 2022 New England Woodcraft, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Stephen and William Fullerton Jr., both chairmakers, managed to get into various legal scrapes for indebtedness or burglary and then suffered great losses from the 1760 fire. 20. Adamss shop inventory is partly analyzed in Forman, American Seating Furniture, 51. 14. Winterthur Museum; Gift of Henry Francis du Pont (1958.0694). All right reserved, Craftsmanship Furniture | Circle Furniture. Adapted from PLAN of the CITY OF BOSTON., engraved by G. W. Boynton (active ca. With over 500 fabrics and leathers to choose from, England offers the broadest selection and countless combinations to help customers create something special and uniquely suited for their home. Contrasting black walnut knobs are standard with natural solid cherry wood furniture, although you may choose any combination of hardwoods for the case and knobs. The relentless pressure on unit prices and volume increased the capital costs needed to enter the business. Tablecloths masked the cheaper birch top but revealed the mahogany legs. Consumers could still go to their neighborhood joiner or cabinetmaker and buy something handmade from local materials at a variety of price points. The driving forces behind Bostons craft community were markets attuned to the middling sort, rather than abstract notions of stylistic competition with London elites. As competition from other regions diminished profits and political storms loomed, they and other New England furnituremakers diversified. ps.; 4 grosse of Sive Rimmes at 3s. 6) or the high-back early baroque forms (fig. It was easier to adjust minor features such as crest rails or splats than to develop an entirely new form that required prototyping and retooling.

11.

John Ellis and A. H. Davenport: Furniture Manufacturing in East Cambridge, Massachusetts, 18501900. Being MAS Certified Green means that our furniture is safer for both the consumer and the environment. SIGN UP FOR EMAIL NEWSLETTER | CONTACT US | BECOME A SPONSOR | CURRENT SPONSORS, 2022 American Furniture Masters Institute

See also Stuart P. Feld, with an introductory essay by Page Talbott, Boston in the Age of Neo-Classicism, 18101840 (New York: Hirschl & Adler Galleries, 2000), 1239; as well as several articles by Talbott, including Boston Empire Furniture, Part I, Antiques 107, no. Seasholes discusses the development of Long Wharf in Gaining Ground, 2931. 22. Terms of Use / Privacy Policy / LOGIN, Partial funding for development One of the best explanations of the commercial politics of this era is James R. Fichter, So Great a Profit: How the East Indies Trade Transformed Anglo-American Capitalism (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2010), 5681. Such ruins were never seen in America: The Looting of Thomas Hutchinsons House at the Time of the Stamp Act Riots, 9. For these furniture forms, there was no intrinsic advantage to keep production in the cityany cityexcept the concentration of journeyman labor or access to transportation.25, Scholars have a limited understanding of what Boston furnituremakers were doing between 1768 and 1790, although the history of those difficult years is well documented. Independent Chronicle, Jan. 24, 1805; Boston Commercial Gazette, Sep. 10, 1818; Salem Gazette, May 21, 1819; Repertory, Oct. 29, 1822; Boston Daily Advertiser, Apr. We remain committed to manufacturing all our furniture in the U.S., including purchasing all components from U.S. based suppliers. Concentrated on a two-by-one mile isthmus (fig. They emphasized flexibility, specialization, and cost control. 17. By 1830, the city boasted more than 61,000 residents, a figure that would almost triple to just under 178,000 by 1860. The docks were also the entry point of immigrants, including some artisans.

Read on to learn more from Jim so you can get your custom furniture project [], Nick English is a fine furniture maker based in Bridgewater, Vermont. They have tapered legs with a brass detail. To understand the connections between this maritime world and the products of local furnituremakers, we need to think about the problem of scale and the networks of exchange. Our luxurious 100% American made New England Shaker Furniture Collection features traditional, clean lines with lovely graduated, crown-style moulding on the top and bottom edging. Red maple, red oak; h 36, w 18, Seat d 15.

Jacqueline Barbara Carr, After the Siege: A Social History of Boston, 17751800 (Boston: Northeastern University Press, 2005), 1342; the advertisement for John Wadsworth is in the American Mercury, Feb. 9, 1804. The outbreak of the English Civil War (164251) dramatically slowed immigration to New England and effectively halted the flow of money the newcomers brought with themthe metropolitan credits and hard currencythat Bostons earliest merchants had used to settle international accounts with English suppliers. We stock a selection of our most popular pieces for quick shipping and delivery. When autocomplete results are available use up and down arrows to review and enter to select. Side chair, Boston, 173040.

Boston filled with widows and orphans and its population stagnated while New York and Philadelphia grew.

Included in the inventory were hardware, handles for hatters bows, ivory, teeth, fire-screen poles, and stand and tea table tops. Amid the destruction and violence, many people left and businesses relocated to safer areas. Source: Lawrence W. Kennedy, Planning the City upon the Hill: Boston since 1630 (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1992). These Boston classical chairs and table were joined with dowels rather than mortise-and-tenon joints, a cost-saving measure made possible by precision jigs, improved bits, and mortising and dowel-making machines. Then as now, furniture was a consumer durable. Standard sizes or custom work are all done well and in a timely manner. The historiography of Boston furniture is extensive, but a fair amount is merged with broader studies of regional and period furniture and decorative arts.

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