Bihaqi S. W., Sharma M., Singh A. P., Tiwari M. (2009). These phytoconstituents most probably act as GABA-A-benzodiazepine agonists and bind to the GABA-A-benzodiazepine receptors, thereby causing an increase in the chloride ion flux and consequent hyperpolarization of the postsynaptic membrane. Agarwa P., Sharma B., Fatima A., Jain S. K. (2014).

(Kulkarni etal., 2012). Saraiva C., Praa C., Ferreira R., Santos T., Ferreira L., Bernardino L. (2016). Synthesis of convolinine and cytotoxic activity of alkaloids of the genus Convolvulus and their derivatives, Vinholes J., Silva B. M., Silva L. R. (2015). This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). : 2 posts by 2 authors. For any mistake in identification or for becomingefloraofindia e-groupmember (for contributingtowards building of efloraofindia or otherwise), pl. Estimation of elemental concentrations of Indian medicinal plants using Energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF). Nisar S. S., Khan A.

Indeed, oral administration of the ethanolic extract of the CP leaves at dose of 800 mg/Kg, showed significant inhibition of rat paw edema, in the Carrageenan-induced paw edema and Cotton pellet-induced granuloma animal models (Agarwal etal., 2014). (2006). Arab. The neuro-mechanistic aspects of this herb has been elucidated in Moreover, CP activates the hypoactive regions situated in the prefrontal cortex (shaded pink area; O), and deactivates hyperactive regions situated in the anterior cingulate cortex (shaded green area; N). The use of herbal medicines continues to escalate rapidly with about 70% of the world population still relying upon traditional medicines for their primary healthcare needs. Neurodegenerative diseases: from available treatments to prospective herbal therapy, Recent developments on triazole nucleus in anticonvulsant compounds: a review. AB and AV provided critical revision of this review article, and approved the manuscript for submission. ) (Malik etal., 2011; Amin etal., 2014; Siddiqui etal., 2014). Shankhpushpi has been found to help significantly with memory retention. Figure 1B Anti-nociceptive effect of 7-methoxy coumarin from Eupatorium Triplinerve vahl (Asteraceae), Medicinal plants: chemistry and properties, A selection of prime Ayurvedic plant drugs, Screening for antidepressant-like activity of Convolvulus pluricaulis Choisy in mice.

Shankhapushpi (Convolvulus pluricaulis Choisy): Validation of the Ayurvedic therapeutic claims through contemporary studies. Additionally, this herb did not exhibit any signs of toxicity and neurodegeneration up to a dose of 2000 mg/Kg in mice, thereby indicating its safety profile.

The Moreover, treatment with alcoholic extract of CP plant led to an increase in the average time-span spent by mice in the enclosed arm of plus maze model, and an escalation in the mean avoidance response on the jumping box model (Rawat and Kothiyal, 2011). In such a case, the therapies initiated after the onset of neuropathological asymptomatic etiologies will only have limited value for the patients (Solanki etal., 2016). Cheriyan B. V., Sr., Kadhirvelu P., Sr., Nadipelly J., Jr., Shanmugasundaram J., Sayeli V., Sr., Subramanian V., Sr. (2017). According to the ancient literature, this herb has been attributed with several therapeutic properties, such as anxiolytic, neuroprotective, antioxidant, analgesic, immunomodulatory, antimicrobial, antidiabetic and cardioprotective activities.

Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs) in developing countries: a symposium report, Radical scavenging and antimicrobial activities of Convolvulus microphyllus. (2018). CP herb is known to contain alkaloids (convolamine and scopoletin), flavonoids (kaempferol), and steroids (phytosterol and -sitosterol). Traditional Indian herb Convolvulus Pluricaulis and its medicinal importance. Tonda-Turo C., Origlia N., Mattu C., Accorroni A., Chiono V. (2018). More specifically, a compound, namely, 29-oxodotriacontanol, isolated from the CP herb has also been assessed to possess antimicrobial and anti-fungal activity (Amin etal., 2014). The Na+/K+ ATPase pump aids in maintaining the osmotic equilibrium and membrane potential in neuronal cells (Forrest, 2014). (2015). Sethiya N. K., Trivedi A., Patel M. B., Mishra S. H. (2010). (2013). Mechanism of action of flavonoids as anti-inflammatory agents: a review. A., Maaz M., Shiffa M. (2012). The animals did not show any toxicity or behavioural changes up to the dose of 5,000 mg/Kg (Agarwal etal., 2014).

Despite of such elaborative preclinical pharmacological profile, detailed clinical investigations and mechanistic mode-of-action studies of this important herb are yet to be executed.

CP plant also contains other alkaloids (convolamine, convosine, convoline, convolidine, convolvine, confoline, evolvine, phyllabine, subhirsine, sankhpuspine) (Agarwa etal., 2014; Balaji etal., 2014); anthroquinones; carbohydrates (D-glucose, sucrose, rhamnose, maltose) (Dhingra and Valecha, 2007; Bhowmik etal., 2012; Agarwa etal., 2014); coumarins (ayapanin, scopolin, scopoletin); flavonoids (kaempferol, quercetin) (Lal, 2014); glycosides (geranilan-3-ol-1-carboxylate-1-O--D-xylopyranosyl-(21)-O--D-xylopyranoside (Sultana etal., 2018); phenolic compounds; steroids; tannins; and terpenoids (Ravichandra etal., 2013; Agarwa etal., 2014; Balaji etal., 2014; Malik etal., 2016). HomePage >PictureArchives >FloraofQatar >Convolvulaceae >Convolvulusprostratus, Convolvulus heterotrichus, Convolvulus microphyllus, Convolvulus parvifolius, Convolvulus pluricaulis, Convolvulus scindicus, Convolvulus spicifolius, Evolvulus ferrugineus, Evolvulus pilosus, Ipomoea microphylla. Gaikwad S. B., Krishna Mohan G., Sandhya Rani M. (2014). Furthermore, the choline acetyl transferase enzyme is essential for the synthesis of neurotransmitter acetylcholine; and the nerve growth factor-tyrosine kinase A receptor is necessary for binding of the neuronal trophic factors, thereby ensuring the survival of the neurons (Johnson etal., 2018; Indo, 2018). Effect of Convolvulus pluricaulis Choisy in obsessive compulsive disorder using animal models. The ethanolic extract of CP at dose 750 mg/Kg showed statistically significant analgesic activity as compared to the standard analgesics like, morphine sulphate, when tested in hot plate method and tail-flick assays in rats (Agarwal etal., 2014). Department of Allied and Applied Sciences, University of Patanjali, Haridwar, India.

It is known to cause a downregulation in the expression of cytokine mediators such as IL-8, MCP-1 and ICAM-1, thereby blocking the expression of cytokine-mediated adhesion molecules and therefore the fundamental process of leukocyteendothelial cell adhesion is deterred (Billore etal., 2005; Rathee etal., 2009). The polyphenols present in this species act as reactive oxygen species (ROS) quenchers, thereby ameliorating the oxidative stress that is generated as a diabetic manifestation. Aggarwal B. Hook.

Indeed, many such functional groups have been found in the CP phyto-constituents ( Production of triterpenoid anti-cancer compound taraxerol in Agrobacterium-transformed root cultures of butterfly pea (Clitoria ternatea L.). Plants with anticonvulsant properties: a review. 1 HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help Scopoletin is a phytoalexin against Alternaria alternata in wild tobacco dependent on jasmonate signalling. Adams M., Gmnder F., Hamburger M. (2007). Gapparov A. M., Okhunov I. I., Aripova S. F., Nabiev A., Khuzhaev V. U.

All the above mentioned ethnomedicinal uses of C. prostratus have been tabulated in The chloroform, ethanol and aqueous extracts of CP have been evaluated for anti-convulsant activity against strychnine induced as well as pentylene tetrazol (PTZ) induced convulsive seizures in different animal models. Prats E., Bazzalo M. E., Len A., Jorrn J. V. (2006). (B) Main mechanisms and phytoconstituents responsible for neuro-pharmacological activities of C. prostratus (CP). Ravichandra V. D., Ramesh C., Sridhar K. A. Anti-diabetic activities of this plant might be attributed to the presence of tropane alkaloids which are known as potent inhibitor of -glucosidases and R-galactosidases (Gaikwad etal., 2014; Rachitha etal., 2018). 3). This formulation is mainly used for the management of insomnia, drug addiction and hypertension (Bhutya, 2011). A comparative ethno-botanical study of Cholistan (an arid area) and Pothwar (a semi-arid area) of Pakistan for traditional medicines, Attenuating effect of bioactive coumarins from Convolvulus pluricaulis on scopolamine-induced amnesia in mice, ). Bhalerao and co-workers have found that the chloroform fraction isolated from the CP ethanolic extract reversed the reserpine-induced extension of immobility period of mice in Forced Swim Test (FST), and elicited a significant antidepressant effect by interaction with adrenergic, dopaminergic and serotonergic systems (Bhalerao etal., 2014). .

Wang S. B., Jang J. Y., Chae Y. H., Min J. H., Baek J. Y., Kim M., et al. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. QNHG (Qatar Natural History Group) and associated people, Report submitted to the National Commission of Macroeconomics and Health. Shankhpushpi has been used traditionally as a brain tonic and is believed to help a wide range of issues. Tseomashko N. E., Terent'Eva E. O., Kodirova D. B., Okhunov I. I., Aripova S. F., Khashimova Z. S., et al. Shalam M. D., Shantakumar S. M., Narasu M. L. (2007). [2] The Ayurveda preparation shankapushpi is, according to most sources, identical with Convolvulus prostratus, but some say shankapushpi is instead Clitoria ternatea. and gokhru (Tribulus terrestris L.) in the management of hypertension. (1985). Moreover, Trans-01 significantly attenuated the elevated corticosteroid levels, thereby indicating a significant anti-depressant activity of this formulation (Shalam etal., 2007). Siddiqui N. A., Ahmad N., Musthaq N., Chattopadhyaya I., Kumria R., Gupta S. (2014). Isolation and characterization of glycosides from Convolvulus prostratus, Ficus virens, Phoenix dactifera, Spondias mangifera and Terminalia belerica. Neuroprotective role of Convolvulus pluricaulis on aluminium induced neurotoxicity in rat brain. These statistics makes it obvious that the prevalence of neurodegenerative disorders is escalating, however, effective and safe treatment modalities are still under infancy (Gururaj etal., 2005).

Plants traditionally used in age related brain disordersA survey of ethnobotanical literature. Fungitoxic effect of scopolin and related coumarins on Sclerotinia sclerotiorum - A way to overcome sunflower head rot. kaempferol; hydroxy cinnamic acid; -sitosterol; and carbohydrates such as glucose, rhamnose, sucrose etc., which endow this plant with nootropic capabilities. Chemical composition, antioxidant potential, macromolecule damage and neuroprotective activity of Convolvulus pluricaulis, Anticonvulsant activity of Shankhapuspi (Convolvulus pluricaulis Chois) on Strychnine induced seizure in experimental animals. mail to [emailprotected] or [emailprotected]2. The treatment strategies for neurodegenerative diseases by integrative medicine. Additionally, the presence of vitamin E in this herb also aids in controlling the levels of protein oxidation and lipid peroxidation, thereby leading to an escalation in the antioxidant defense system (Cowan, 1999; Nasri etal., 2015; Domnguez-Avila etal., 2016; Foretz etal., 2018). It also activates the sleep inducing areas of the brain, namely, preoptic nucleus (L). Such evident analgesic activity is cohesively attributed by flavonoids, volatile oils, alkaloids, polyphenols and organic acids by means of prevention of the formation of cyclooxygenase enzyme and prostaglandins, i.e., mediators of pain sensitization.

Hence, the presence of phytoconstituents such as convolvine might be responsible for endowing CP with the abilities to regulate all the neuronal factors/proteins and enzymes, thereby showcasing its evident neuroprotective status (Sethiya etal., 2009; Ray and Ray, 2015). These flavonoids also pose the profound effects on the thyroid hormone regulation and deiodinase-1 inhibition, thereby endowing this herb with anti-thyroid activity (Nagarathna and Jha, 2013). For better viewing of species' pages, colour scheme & formatting is being followed as: Description of the species, Details of other flora species on the same page, Uses/ harms, Distribution, Abundance/ Location/ Flowering time & date, Habit & habitat, Etymology & pronunciation, Other interesting information, stories etc., Others, Botanical names, Common names, Main point of discussion below, Discussion about Botanical names. Ch., Ramanamam V., Ram S. S., Sudershan M., et al. John Norton et al. It is also believed that a paste prepared from its roots and flowers act as anti-aging agents, thereby indicating its apparent anti-oxidant activity (Adams etal., 2007). Zingue S., Foyet H. S., Djiogue S., Ezo'o Ezo'o Y., Abassou H. H. N., Fachagbo P., et al. Subramani R., Anand M., Muralidharan P. (2013). Antioxidant markers based TLC-DPPH differentiation on four commercialized botanical sources of Shankhpushpi (A Medhya Rasayana): A preliminary assessment. There are various herbs which are used in traditional medicine for the management of neurodegenerative diseases, for instance: Centella asiatica (L.) Urb., Glycyrrhiza glabra L., Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.)

The histopathology of brain also did not show any aberrations or degeneration of neurons. These toxicological studies, therefore, confirmed that the administration of CP is safe for the vital organs within the respective treatment durations. Convolvine also aids in potentiating the effect of another muscarinic memory enhancer, namely, arecoline, thereby imparting nootropic abilities to CP (Sethiya etal., 2009). It is believed to have demonstrated potential for anxiolytic, relaxant, and anti-obsessive effects, as well as nootropic effects. The present review is attempted to showcase the phytochemical profile, pharmacological attributes and medicinal information of C. prostratus; with comprehensive research gap analysis. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted

This Solanales article is a stub.

The fundamental mechanism behind such evident anti-convulsing activity of CP might be the presence of coumarins and triterpenoids (Quintans Jnior etal., 2008). It is hoped that the scientific update on the ethnomedicinal aspects of this herb would thrive research propagation and development of the CNS phytopharmaceuticals, originated from C. prostratus. Most of the neurodegenerative disorders are progressive in nature, and the cycle of etiological events usually have an early-onset which might get unnoticed or under-detected. In such a scenario, safer herbal alternative medicines play a vital role in managing the neurological etiologies. Amin H., Sharma R., Vyas M., Prajapati P. K., Dhiman K. (2014). The most common disorders of the nervous system are schizophrenia (~ 40% prevalence in India) and epilepsy (~ 45% prevalence in India), which are clinically presented by dysfunction of the interneurons, misbalancing neuronal homeostasis, ultimately leading to neurophysiological disintegration (Gururaj etal., 2005). Nootropic herbs (Medhya Rasayana) in Ayurveda: an update, Development of high performance thin layer chromatography method for the determination of scopolin in convolvulus pluricaulis chois, Hypolipidemic effect of Convolvulus microphyllus in cholesterol fed gerbils (Meriones hurrinae Jerdon), Nootropic, anxiolytic and CNS-depressant studies on different plant sources of shankhpushpi. (Billore etal., 2005; Amin etal., 2014). Deletion of choline acetyltransferase in enteric neurons results in postnatal intestinal dysmotility and dysbiosis, Studying the pharmacological basis of an antiepileptic ayurvedic formulation-Sarasvata churna. C. prostratus (CP) contains volatile oil; fatty alcohols; flavonoids, i.e. It ultimately acts as a sedative moiety which initiates a persistent fall in blood pressure and cardiac contraction, thereby managing neurological pathologies, such as anxiety, insanity and epilepsy (Chaudhary, 1996). Supplementation of Convolvulus pluricaulis attenuates scopolamine-induced increased tau and Amyloid precursor protein (APP) expression in rat brain. 7), Regulation of neural ion channels by muscarinic receptors, The human brain book: An illustrated guide to its structure, function, and disorders. Quintans Jnior L. J., Almeida J. R., Lima J. T., Nunes X. P., Siqueira J. S., Oliveira L. E. G. D., et al. Such extensive industrial uses of CP further confirms the holistic significance of this nontoxic wonder herb (Jalwal etal., 2016). Comparative screening of plant essential oils: phenylpropanoid moiety as basic core for antiplatelet activity. The ethanolic and aqueous extracts of the CP leaves have been evaluated for acute oral toxicity study in albino Wistar rats. An official website of the United States government. ). 1775 (Syn: (=), I need id assistance of following 3 images belonging to.

The ethanolic and chloroform extracts isolated from the aerial parts of CP showed significant anxiolytic activity as recorded using elevated plus maze test on experimental mice. The CP ethanolic extract has exhibited spasmolytic activity in isolated rabbit ileum, isolated rat uterus, intact intestine and tracheal muscles of dog (Barar and Sharma, 1965). PT analyzed the information, generated the artwork, and co-wrote the manuscript. In another similar experiment, the aqueous extract of the CP leaves and flowers showed an evident barbiturate hypnosis potentiation in albino rats at a dose of 300 mg/Kg (Mudgal, 1975). Additionally, the natural compounds, such as flavonoids also aid in modulating the neuronal cell signalling pathways (Solanki etal., 2016). Hoang M. H., Jia Y., Mok B., Jun H. J., Hwang K. Y., Lee S. J. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Pharmacological and biochemical evidence for the antidepressant effect of the herbal preparation Trans-01. government site. Hence, natural compounds serve as the holistic option which act on multiple neural targets and are enriched with free radical scavenging polyphenolic compounds (Park etal., 2018).

Review of possible mechanisms of analgesic effect of herbs and herbal active ingredient. Nasri H., Shirzad H., Baradaran A., Rafieian-Kopaei M. (2015).

using a. Bhowmik D., Kumar K., Paswan S., Srivatava S., Yadav A., Dutta A. Rizk A. M., Williamson E. M., Evans F. J.

Bihaqi S. W., Singh A. P., Tiwari M. (2012). Moreover, the CP powder and juice, such as, Jain Shankhpushpi Powder and Axiom Jeevan Ras Shankhpushpi Juice, are also being used as skin mask for rejuvenating the skin and managing skin problems such as acne, blemishes and sun spots (Hindu, 2012). Herbal medicines in neurodegenerative disorders: an evolutionary approach through novel drug delivery system, A novel mechanism of action and potential use for lobeline as a treatment for psychostimulant abuse. As per an ancient Indian medicinal scriptureCharaka Samhitathis plant is superior to other nootropic drugs (Medhya rasayana) of Ayurveda, however, a detailed ethnomedicinal update yet needs to be presented (Dev, 2006). Ekhlas M. M. Abdel Bary, The Flora of Qatar, Volume I: The Dicotyledons. Figure 1B This Medicinal plants-related article is a stub. (2014). C. prostratus is extensively used in pharmaceutical, cosmeceutical and nutraceutical industries (Jalwal etal., 2016). Phyto-constituents belonging to diverse chemical families, namely, coumarins, alkaloids and polyphenols (see Careers, Edited by: Valentina Echeverria Moran, Bay Pines VA Healthcare System, United States, Reviewed by: Sefirin Djiogue, University of Yaounde I, Cameroon; Vivekananda Mandal, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya, India, This article was submitted to Ethnopharmacology, a section of the journal Frontiers in Pharmacology. The reactive oxygen species are known to deteriorate the cellular physiology of nerve cells and ultimate lead to neurodegenerative disorders. Figure1A Learn more (2012). Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies

A few examples for elucidating the use of CP (Shankhpushpi) as cosmeceutical ingredients include Econature Shankhpushpi Hair oil, Khadi Natural Shankhpushpi oil and Alps Shankhpushpi hair Mask Powder.

Hydroxy-cinnamic acid is a phenyl-propanoid compound found in CP. (A) Neuro-mechanistic aspects of Convolvulus prostratus (CP).

An update on Shankhpushpi, a cognition-boosting Ayurvedic medicine. The results have shown that the mice group treated with 200400 mg/Kg CP methanolic extracts can modulate serotonin or dopaminergic levels, thereby harmonizing the major pathway involving serotonergic or dopaminergic receptors manifesting obsessive compulsive disorders (Subramani etal., 2013). CP reduces the lesions formed in the hippocampus (A); and amyloid plaque accumulation in hippocampus (A), cortex (P), basal ganglia (M) and cerebellum (E). Dubey S. K., Singhvi G., Krishna K. V., Agnihotri T., Saha R. N., Gupta G. (2018). In addition, CP is known to be a good source of vitamins and minerals, namely, calcium, copper, iron, magnesium, manganese, phosphorus, potassium, sulphur, zinc, vitamin C and E (Sethiya etal., 2010; Babu etal., 2015). (2008). Conveyed your message to them that more details are required. Jain A., Kaur J., Bansal Y., Saini B., Bansal G. (2017). In TST and FST, Trans-01 showed a dose-dependent decrease in immobility time. Gururaj G., Girish N., Isaac M. K. (2005).

Additionally, CP removes the formation of thrombus in the carotid artery (G). Furthermore, in Unani medicinal system, a syrup prepared with C. prostratus and Piper nigrum is prescribed in bleeding piles and venereal diseases (Khare, 2004). The CP herb has also been used as a phyto-ingredient of a polyherbal medicinal formulation: Sankhahauli, which contains leaves of C. prostratus (15 g); seeds of Piper nigrum (3 g) and Papaver somniferum (20 g); whole plant of Prunus amygdalus (10 g), Vitis vinifera (20 g) and Coriandrum sativum (10 g). (2012). Sign in|Report Abuse|Print Page|Powered By Google Sites. A few examples of such marketed herbal pharmaceutical formulations include Patanjali Divya Shankhpushpi Churna, Divya Pharmacy Shankhpushpi Sharbat, Baidyanath Shankhpushpi Sharbat, Dabur Shankhpushpi Syrup, Biotrex Shankhpushpi, Maxmind capsule, Herbal Hills Shankhpushpi Tablets and many more (Bhowmik etal., 2012). Park C., Moon D. O., Rhu C. H., Choi B. T., Lee W. H., Kim G. Y., et al. Nanoparticle-mediated brain drug delivery: overcoming bloodbrain barrier to treat neurodegenerative diseases, Phytopharmacology of Indian Nootropic Convolvulus pluricaulis, Pharmacotherapeutic Potential of Natural Products in Neurological Disorders. Convolvulus prostratus (Convolvulus Pluricaulis[1]) is an herb found in India and Burma that is used in Ayurveda. 1 post by 1 author. Identification of novel anti-inflammatory agents from Ayurvedic medicine for prevention of chronic diseases: reverse pharmacology and bedside to bench approach. Aegypt. The anti-ulcerogenic effect was largely observed due to upregulation of mucosal defensive factors such as mucin and glycoprotein secretion, which in turn was induced by the flavonoids and steroids present in this herb (Srinivas etal., 2013). More specifically, in ancient texts, this plant has been mentioned as sara, medhya, vrsya and rasayana, which refers to the laxative, nootropic, aphrodisiac and rejuvenator properties of this herb, respectively. Current Limitations in the Treatment of Parkinson's and Alzheimer's Diseases: State-of-the-Art and Future Perspective of Polymeric Carriers, Medicinal plants: Utilization and conservation. 7). The new PMC design is here! All authors agreed with the final version of this manuscript. Similar results have also been observed in case of the ethanolic extract of the CP flower petals at doses 200400 mg/Kg in mice (Kaushik, 2017). Similar results have been observed in case of aluminium chloride induced neurotoxicity in rat cerebral cortex. (2018). The presented research work been funded by the research funds of Patanjali Research Foundation Trust (PRFT), Haridwar, India. Methanolic extract of this plant (5001000 mg/Kg) also exhibited anti-convulsant activity, as characterized by reduction in the mean recovery time of convulsions in case of maximal electroshock seizure model in mice (Kaushik, 2017). In Ayurveda, this herb is classically described as a memory and intellect booster.

(2007). 8600 Rockville Pike 2009, Ali Al-Rawi, Flowering plants of Kuwait, 1985, Flora of Eastern Saudi Arabia by Rain and Dust at Flickr. Moreover, an alkaloid, namely, convolvine present in this herb has also been found to block cholinergic muscarinic receptors: M2 and M4. Derivatives of the alkaloid convolvine and their pharmacological activity, Ayurvedic pharmacology & therapeutic uses of medicinal plants, Epidemiology of neurological disorders in India: Review of background, prevalence and incidence of epilepsy, stroke, Parkinson's disease and tremors. -Sitosterol induces anti-proliferation and apoptosis in human leukemic U937 cells through activation of caspase-3 and induction of Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, Multiple Bioactivities of Traditional Medicinal Herbs for Treatment of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Medicinal significance, pharmacological activities, and analytical aspects of anthocyanidins delphinidin': A concise report.

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