Prophylactic treatments with fungicides starting before the beginning of the rainy season, before mangoes get infected by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides may be for an efficient control. 0000143065 00000 n methyl thiophanate spinosad inquiry However, efficacy data from field testing are of great importance to make the right choice.

~x'F+HQubv3bX E~'$}|lM6iPKmtzlG ;\OSM>Q%|,`3FuH5ilYRq3r@q$yCR&}t$8T}4f h V"kA In the particular case of the natural region of Casamance, in the southern part of the country, fruit production was considered for a long time an activity of marginal importance in the farmers agenda. The data were submitted to an analysis of variance (ANOVA) using the SigmaStat software with a confidence interval of 95%. 0000220782 00000 n 0000014939 00000 n 0000116986 00000 n 0000006403 00000 n 0000002823 00000 n v.T B|hs" iKP\$%$!cX|29b%7w}2Ru[x[&/-*B The mangoes were first soaked in a 1% NaOCl solution for 15 minutes and two crossed incisions in the form of V are made at the front of progression of the rotting process with a sterile scalpel. 0000001526 00000 n The number of infested fruit was evaluated daily and the rotting agent was identified. To date, fungicides are the most reliable strategy to achieve effective control of anthracnose and safeguard production in humid regions [2] . The first application took place on 03/06/10 and the second on 26/06/10. The better efficacy of the fungicides in 2010 could be related to the early (preventive) treatment, before anthracnose lesions were seen on fruits. Systemicity of the 3 fungicides [6] allowed achieving a fair protection of mangoes in the same tree in foliage portions not covered by the application. 630 0 obj <> endobj 0000008752 00000 n Treatment with Mancozeb (contact fungicide) was less effective than thiophanate methyl and azoxystrobin. %%EOF and Ellis, M.A. In Senegal, as commercial orchards were set up in recent years, the need to control disease and anthracnose in particular arises with the imperative for competitiveness in markets. Copyright 2006-2013 Scientific Research Publishing Inc. All rights reserved. 0000079309 00000 n %PDF-1.5 % (2007) Alteration of Post Harvest Diseases of Mango Mangifera indica through Production Practices and Climatic Factors. trailer Three systemic fungicides (thiophanate methyl, azoxystrobin and myclobutanyl) and one contact fungicide (mancozeb) were tested for their efficacy. This applies particularly for thiophanate methyl and azoxystrobin. %PDF-1.4 % This level of protection was achieved despite the late application (10% of fruits were infested at application time). %PDF-1.5 % 0000007563 00000 n Treatment with thiophanate methyl allowed no mango rotting due to anthracnose (100% of mangoes disease free at ripe stage). Treatment with thiophanate methyl allowed 73.2% of fruits from sprayed foliage and 46.6% from unsprayed foliage portion to ripen free of anthracnose. 0

F.u.25 .9}c2?v2N|)U=,Fr"O Additional data on efficacy of a large number of fungicides would provide a wide range of efficient products, allowing producers to have a diversity of substances that could be combined wisely to prevent resistance. ;6>m!9]!-C&MUFLgaJ56QrUn#$TJ-_~^)D};\1{$ $Hb7w3*h]X7j,Ww(@o0X.K

xref Anthracnose, the most serious disease of mango worldwide, occurs in all production regions that have high rainfall or high moisture level [2] . Indian Journal of Mycology and Plant Pathology, 26, 112. At ripening stage, 100% of fruits from non treated control mango trees were affected by anthracnose and got rotten, while between 73.2% and 80% of mangoes ripened free of disease when treated with thiophanate methyl. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY). The field trials against post harvest rot due to anthracnose took place in three orchards over two production seasons, in 2009 and 2010. endstream endobj 635 0 obj <>stream h22V0Pw/+Q0L)62 %%EOF In the same tree, mangoes from foliage parts not covered by the fungicide exhibited 46.6% of healthy fruits (Table 2). Other works in the same line also showed that the methyl thiophanate can efficiently control anthracnose [8] [9] . 0000009360 00000 n &|" bCq5CJ51k1L\qR~2N"v{ R={u` QC endstream endobj 802 0 obj<>/ViewerPreferences<>/Metadata 20 0 R/Pages 19 0 R/StructTreeRoot 22 0 R/Type/Catalog>> endobj 803 0 obj<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageC]/ExtGState<>>>/Type/Page>> endobj 804 0 obj<> endobj 805 0 obj<>stream Mango business is a strong driver of socio-economic development by providing labor but it also attracts other players in the value chain like fruit processers and suppliers. Assessing for the Incidence of Anthracnose. 0000004679 00000 n 0000006843 00000 n The income generated through fruit export is a major incentive for producers. The tests were carried out in 3 mango orchards with trees of more than 15 years of age and a size ranging from between 8 and 20 m in height. The differences between these two treatments were not significative. 0000002036 00000 n Untreated mango trees, used as control, were also sampled. The choice of product is therefore a key factor for the control of anthracnose. In the first year, with treatment consisting with covering half of the mango foliage with the fungicide spray, both treated and untreated mangoes from the same tree were sampled. 0000014727 00000 n Each fungicide was tested on five mango trees. <<987C3BBB0747F240BC5E9FDF9565B1F5>]>> 0000220319 00000 n These results show a fair curative efficacy of the used fungicides as already reported for azoxystrobin [5] . Table 1 . Their choice was based on the performance provided by the manufacturers and the literature. 2.6. This could be mainly due to its non systemic effect because the major part of the active substance is probably washed off by frequent rainfall in Ziguinchor. 0000007950 00000 n (2008) Detection and Characterization of Benzimidazole Resistance in California Populations of Colletotrichum in Cereals. About SCIRP | Sitemap The tests were performed in two production seasons in 2009 in 2 orchards and 2010 in 3 orchards. 0000000016 00000 n 3.1. \*W}TK&au?Oi?

Table 2. The cover spray on the entire foliage with an atomizer helped also achieve this result. American Journal of Plant Sciences Vol.5No.15(2014), Article The absence of atomizers capable of propelling the spray into the canopy of trees (more than 10 meters high), because of their high cost, is an additional constraint to the use of contact fungicides. Anthracnose is the one of the most devastating diseases of mango produced in the southern part of Senegal. ID:47585,6 0000125213 00000 n Sampling consisted with picking fruits in a random manner in the treated tree area and the untreated one. infests all parts of the tree but has a most severe impact on fruits after harvest and causes massive losses. Mancozeb was used to replace myclobutanyl since it is widely available and showed some effectiveness in the northern part of the country [4] . startxref (1996) Chemical Control of Die-Back of Acid Lime Caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/PDIS.2000.84.6.600. The shift towards the late maturating mango varieties is driven by market opportunities in big cities and for export during that period. Fungicide treatments in 2009, helped preserve between 30% and 80% of mangoes in the treated foliage portion and 5% to 50% from untreated foliage portions of sprayed mango trees.

0000195556 00000 n 0000005534 00000 n In orchard 3, treatments with thiophanate methyl and azoxystrobin gave the best results with 96% and 84% of mangoes free of infection. The boxes were examined every day for rotting mangoes. Journal of Agricultural and Biological Science, 2, 10-15. b&jLP1Ij]cR@wyvVQNxf`ZsGmIFNFJ$Q8" X^Uf| h;jFQ&FD&%s~L60\yzh@}5p!`m-`4r7=Eno[(G SlJ{T`'QZrJA 0000135423 00000 n 0000220345 00000 n Keywords:Anthracnose, Fungicides, Mango, Soudanian Agroclimate, Senegal. FRh2O,$G#J^AD!b AKi;p^j41>2SA8x7)|v!58VID~#< Indian Journal of Mycology and Plant Pathology, 17, 323-324. h\A yH?mc0Au %:Ct >d;|P%]fZa!P\!4C0T0m-9cI Ebenezar, E.G. When trees were treated with azoxystrobin, 96% of mangoes ripened disease free. A piece of flesh beneath the peal is taken and put in a Petri dish containing Potato Dextrose Agar amended with 100 ppm of chloramphenicole and incubated at 30C in the dark.

Mean values was separated through Tukeys tests pairwise comparisons. |?5 [w@d,B0Ot\Zbgv[. Treatment with myclobutanyl was less effective. Edgington, L.V., Khew, K.L. Those mangoes are however exposed to intensive rainfall from June to September (rainy season) with high temperatures and moisture levels suitable to anthracnose. Francis, P., Karla, A. and Martinez, C.R. This property is of great importance in the local conditions of Casamance where rainfall can be very frequent. 0000142786 00000 n The biological material is made of mango Mangifera indica L (cv Keitt) and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Penz, the agent of mango anthracnose occurring naturally in the study site. xb`````e`c`Qcb@ !V(]= (`1K$R4,$ V'Oi H10~cglXq6\GLr--aCu6Y[&}dqy iZ^J+v]Ol# {6CCC;Oa {Y. This level of effectiveness was clearly improved in 2010 by preventive spraying, days ahead of onset of the rainy season, before the appearance of anthracnose symptoms on fruits.

0000008500 00000 n Copyright 2014 by authors and Scientific Research Publishing Inc. 0000124933 00000 n endstream endobj 631 0 obj <>>>/Filter/Standard/Length 128/O(1G\)]b%e`{Zn1=AY:X1W;x )/V 4>> endobj 632 0 obj <>/Metadata 22 0 R/Outlines 32 0 R/PageLayout/OneColumn/Pages 628 0 R/StructTreeRoot 37 0 R/Type/Catalog>> endobj 633 0 obj <>/Font<>>>/Rotate 0/StructParents 0/Type/Page>> endobj 634 0 obj <>stream They were let to ripen at the room temperature (27C - 30C). The characteristics of fungicides used are summarized in Table1. For the early maturating mango varieties, anthracnose is not an issue but market price is low. Treatment with azoxystrobin gave the second best result with 92% of mangoes free of anthracnose while treatment with mancozeb allowed protecting 84% of mangoes. 0000165561 00000 n In the natural region of Casamance, economic activities around mango business have grown significantly and become more profitable for late maturating mango varieties. 2Qd"E1f#\md032=, +R.-AW?TU6q\dH~DJ%n{H&V6E[+%*QwhMYM5#a!tg.hDA d)u_i3'.$Uz ?.APKOl,w`uhqLSDR/ >/ mF5ECg( 0000172967 00000 n Effect of pre-harvest treatments on incidence of mango anthracnose in 2009. It covers 7301 km2, representing 3.74% of Senegalese territory and harbors the Casamance River [3] . The analysis of variance showed a significative difference between treatments (p < 0.05). Fungicide treatments carried out in 2010 showed a better efficacy (100% for thiophanate methyl and 90% for azoxystrobin) compared to 2009.

0000009471 00000 n Mancozeb and myclobutanyl were less effective. 0000173292 00000 n nW? ' y nT=7q 0000007698 00000 n

As a consequence, new orchards are set up resulting in an increasing activity and land surface dedicated to mango production. In the second year, five (5) mangoes were sampled randomly on each tree or treated tree part. 860 0 obj<>stream One to two days later, the mycelium growing out of the mango flesh is transferred into new Petri dishes to obtain pure culture of the fungi. Fungicide treatments of mango trees during fruit development in the field showed to be very efficient to control anthracnose. endstream endobj 104 0 obj <>stream 0000001839 00000 n In 2009, only systemic fungicides were used. The isolation and identification of the causal agents was performed in case of doubt. 644 0 obj <>/Encrypt 631 0 R/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<4967F5EDA6344244BECDC93EB906E737>]/Index[630 21]/Info 629 0 R/Length 72/Prev 39047/Root 632 0 R/Size 651/Type/XRef/W[1 2 1]>>stream 4&\/ dA}VQLX-s!T$Y7uBZI%9jnRJY5E& 1bHca9i)ujA'?,/R |x/WnM)WQ!Vo. Fruits showing rotting symptoms were sorted out for the identification of the causal agent. The trees were not planted in a regular manner resulting in no distinctive rows nor determined distance between trees.

Characteristics of fungicides tested. HMT!\@$|s9.tx&4TI#[ $8M Dc 8f%BQ&@wp.IAX62.6[is~+N1ARA$NbR+ Nc4I2Tbqb#HBi'TOTW >Zk?:L.f{}?.Vv|-. DOI:10.4236/ajps.2014.515236, Efficacy of Different Fungicides against Mango Anthracnose in Senegalese Soudanian Agroclimate, Papa Madiallacke Diedhiou1, Yaya Diallo1, Rokhaya Faye2*, Abdou Aziz Mbengue1, Abdou Sene1, 1Dpartement Productions Vgtales et Agronomie, UFR des Sciences Agronomiques dAquaculture et des Technologies Alimentaires, Universit Gaston Berger, Saint-Louis, Sngal, 2Dpartement de Biologie vgtale, Universit Cheikh Anta DIOP de Dakar, Dakar, Sngal. Phytopathology, 61, 42-44. 0000165970 00000 n Mango trees were treated by spraying the fungicide at the dose recommended by the manufacturer on half the foliage. The fruits were washed one by one under the tap, and placed in expedition boxes in a way to prevent contact between them and avoid contaminations. 0000013082 00000 n In fact, different tree crop species were always planted in the backyards and around the settlements for the needs of local consumption. )IRYZlg` h

With treatment with mancozeb, 44% of fruits ripened disease free. PR7_6 #%qxV(cvC The temperatures vary between 18C in January and 38C in April [3] . Azoxystrobin was less effective than methyl thiophanate but more effective than myclobutanyl, a trend already reported in a previous work [10] . The assessment for the incidence of anthracnose on fruits was performed as described in the literature [4] . The orchards are located in Djibelor, southwest of the city of Ziguinchor.

0000125591 00000 n

0000002710 00000 n In orchard 2, treatment with thiophanate methyl provided 100% fruit protection with all mangoes, disease free at ripe stage. In Senegal, fruit production has increased from 95,075 tons in 1986 to over 150,000 tons in 2003 whereby mangoes represent 60% of this production [1] . 0000002182 00000 n Ministre de lAgriculture (Sngal). The first treatments in 2009 took place in the rainy season, while 20% of mangoes on trees exhibited anthracnose lesions. d~8gN=/e!wV 'zJ~f L4;[?q:yz69G +vr1jb'u&. In the laboratory, the fruits are kept in a clean and airy room temperature (about 26C - 29C). 0000018465 00000 n *x=@ (?2 801 60 The better results for protection on tree portions physically covered by the fungicides may indicate that the systemic fungicides were not fully absorbed and mobile within the tree. In orchard 2 all fruits from untreated trees were rotten because of anthracnose after 10 days of incubation.

[,-.j^M7e"`d)&9^N7~@$x P%$%E#b41hmF'|4[F=VV!i$K"DD@ G`.E4*["zbl{ih=)Fw?QMpVUujUwqE`8#0si@ !|dR|P~M)(m6l]-}+LFN6y?Dwn*|td6ZoS%uU2.2pAnv ?42%[9?"1X-8H`IBJ"K6Nm}h/Yas>In-Ga .4N,NeE FiDC,Frj1z nX[cG3ef4L'2Y 4'yFWhQ>stream Direction de lHorticulture (2003). In a column, means followed by a common letter are not significantly different at the 5% level. In each orchard, mango from trees at least planted 20 meters away from the treated area served as untreated control. 103 0 obj <>stream ~|@ M9Jt5Ut.=.A "C hbbd``b`:$ BH0 4H9k(~2012Y This region has boundaries to Gambia in the north and Guinea Bissau in the south whereas the coast of the Atlantic Ocean represents the western border. In a column, means followed by a common letter are not significantly different at the 5% level. 0 In this particular agro climatic conditions in Casamance, with abundant rainfall and very large mango trees, contact fungicides are less efficient. 0000165306 00000 n

?k*~_R1CK04;?3O&= N9M=EOy.QKtc"=cKa(fGw [`Q,Bx]"J7/6MB3+PVaS:-KA6'60rb\\k+JO}s%V3&N1vK1|ULcp'b|L=0a|Ln% ?t$cc: c9YlXm do}Z|JlY8H` Ngy7|32'?#O"L=G 5G}[n-IG}+7w5f^t46,*H3ZM5'vbJh2. From the non treated control trees, no ripe disease free fruit was recorded. The trials were carried out around the village of Djibelor, located at 5 km west of Ziguinchor, in the south of Senegal. It is the most rainfall rich part of the country with between 700 and 1500 mm over 70 to 80 days. Treatment with mancozeb preserved 64% of mangoes while in the non treated control, only 4% of the fruit remained uninfested. Influence of Treatment of Entire Foliage on the Incidence of Anthracnose. Plant Disease, 91, 559-564. Table 3. 0000195487 00000 n Influence of Partial Treatment of Tree Foliage on Incidence of Mango Anthracnose, Preharvest treatment with thiophanate methyl kept 80% of mangoes from foliage covered by the fungicide free. 0000219918 00000 n The treated area was marked with a cloth of a color specific to the fungicide. This disease is caused by, Colletotrichum gloeosporoides, a fungal pathogen in the class of ascomycetes which teleomorph, Glomerella cingulata, is observed rarely on mango. These results are consistent with those obtained in California [7] showing that thiophanate methyl was effective to control anthracnose. a.=oClD~U8L ;P$ a}>q~IU@u-8L^[pph)|u7rJJ@Pya~A"!m.w\vxAkO[x:]\U'.u=1/` In these late years, the economic activities around mango business tend to slow down drastically or even stop by onset of the rainy season because of post harvest rot due to anthracnose. Treatment with azoxystrobin gave intermediate results with 60% and 33.2% of mangoes not infested while treatment with myclobutanyl only 40% and 20% of mangoes from the treated and untreated tree parts respectively ripened disease free. Singh, D. and Agarwala, R.K. (1987) Differential Reaction of Fungicides to Anthracnose of Citrus (C. gloeosporioides) in Vitro and in Vivo. Green mature mangoes were sampled at harvest stage, identified by the producers. 0000003840 00000 n (In each column, numbers followed by different letters are significatively different, Tukey test, n = 20, p 0.05). 0000219987 00000 n k7e.2Jzq&KQU?A!#8GB2jWVAlB6-4a`tD NALG"wSSOP@j zJ\

3.2. Three systemic fungicides and a contact fungicide were tested in the field to assess their efficacy in the control of field infection and postharvest rot of mango due to anthracnose. 0000136153 00000 n The first application was carried out on 15/07/09 and the second on 29/07/09. ANDS, Dakar, 143 p. Diedhiou, P.M., Mbaye, N., Dram, A. and Samb, P.I. 0000143402 00000 n 0000219663 00000 n http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, Received 13 May 2014; revised 10 June 2014; accepted 25 June 2014. 650 0 obj <>stream For effective control of anthracnose, the period of treatment plays an important role. After sampling fruits were labelled and put in clean bags, placed in cardboards for the transportation to the laboratory. 0000195850 00000 n The tallness of the mango trees and the large volume of foliage to be covered are additional reasons for the preference of systemic fungicides. 0000135702 00000 n For each fungicide, a specific color of cloth was chosen for identification. An effort to promote commercial fruit orchards by the government included the introduction of exotic species and improved varieties since the year 1860. African Journal of Biotechnology, 6, 1087-1094.

Treatment with azoxystrobin gave respectively for mangoes from the treated and untreated foliage portion 44.4% and 13.2% disease free ripe fruits. E. Wm 0000012677 00000 n Mangoes from the control treatment showed 92% incidence of anthracnose. In the second season (2010), the trials involved five mango trees for each fungicide. pages (1997) Fungitoxic Spectrum of Benzimidazoles Coumpounds. With the treatment with azoxystrobin, between 46.6% and 60% of fruits were not infected. In 2010, 8% of mangoes from untreated control trees were infested in orchard 1 (Table 3). The present study was carried out to select effective fungicides against anthracnose and identify optimal treatment periods in the context of the specific agro-climate of the region of Casamance.

0000077871 00000 n and Subramanian, K.S. 0000005933 00000 n 801 0 obj <> endobj Anthracnose due to Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Penz. 0000172696 00000 n Statistiques Horticoles.

Unlike in the first session, the mango trees were fully cover sprayed and at an earlier fruiting stage. 0000016852 00000 n |"S|Qq)l x 047 Controlling mango anthracnose in the agroclimate of the Casamance requires taking into account both the intensity of the rainfall activity during flowering and fruit setting of mango trees, and the big size of the mango trees. 0000195876 00000 n Indeed, the frequency of rain could be a limitation factor for contact pesticides. endstream endobj 859 0 obj<>/Size 801/Type/XRef>>stream endstream endobj startxref 0000196296 00000 n Rebollar-Alviter, A., Madden, L.V. Home | (2007) Preand Post-Infection Activity of Azoxystrobin, Pyraclostrobin, Mefenoxam, and Phosphite against Leather Rot of Strawberry, Caused by Phytophthora cactorum. Effect of pre-harvest treatments on incidence of mango anthracnose in 2010. D8zAhZEwF2p;![*6P? ,>"mw%Ve*!%[QntqP8%$Ju(CwPj STs9M.s`D6DK+"$B["!-["#KG%RaDjDZ t|' upM)mDO".(.YAE^$$~Y~6+o x?bO8nV5O:b6DgHU dFW!3i:ypO<= e$D8&&Q^RsU_,FA;{$T4(_Skl+V@t^dyw9,yHPel^t-{?kCKk} )8?R_ of disease. Each tree was chosen so as to be surrounded by untreated trees that can serve as a reservoir for recontamination. The level of effectiveness was higher respectively for thiophanate methyl (between 96% and 100% of fruits not infected) and azoxystrobin (between 84% and 96% of fruits not infected).

endstream endobj 636 0 obj <>stream 0000046614 00000 n

The symptoms observed were first described and classified. 0000012390 00000 n Agence Nationale pour la Statistique et la Dmographie (2008) Situation conomique et sociale de la rgion de Ziguinchor. All improved mango and to a lesser extend citrus varieties from Casamance, like those from the Niayes area in the north, were targeted for export to the European market. Plant Diseases, 92, 239-246. 0000195236 00000 n

Sundravana, S., Alice, D., Kuttalam, S. and Samiyappan, R. (2007) Efficacy of Azoxystrobin on Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Penz Growth and on Controlling Mango Antracnose. 0000015075 00000 n Treatment with myclobutanyl was the least effective, with only 26.6% and 6.6% of uninfected mangoes from the treated and untreated tree portion respectively. Plant Disease, 84, 600-611. and Barron, G.L. | Contact Us. 4gM]Kqq;J5$V^%"COCx7%ua0jHME;X:VKXL` YKj0&rCi_ e%NLDI q05.A&`:gQ:z*[j9)4Ky xH [A+\%UxXeUo^'*K@ QU0[Ux#xJmxR;,TFebmy4'j64fV1>@pCPF5=nlWAl{#cPolc.'cAqkohj%#'9j_!-N%]9,q Y$Ggg0tQU)=ZA B&TE9#;~lci?eTYZp0sRBx0j!Td6. endstream endobj 105 0 obj <>stream @?tqXxF>B\1Q+DRD\l 6/9qz@7_*x|.QAsf\? DH2, Dakar, 15 p. Arauz, L.F. (2000) Mango Anthracnose: Economic Impact and Current Options for Integrated Management. 0000010730 00000 n hYo8 (Numbers followed by different letters are significantly different, Tukey test, n = 20, p 0.05). Myclobutanyl was not present in the Senegalese market for regulation.

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