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The polymer amount is 0.2 mmol, and the absolute amount of As(V) ions is 0.01 mmol. Arsenic is present in water mainly as arsenate [As(V)] and arsenite ions [As(III)] which are related to arsenic acid (H3AsO4) and arsenous acid (H3AsO3), respectively. Mater. 331, 453457. Simultaneous removal of As(V) and Cr(VI) from water by macroporous anion exchanger supported nanoscale hydrous ferric oxide composite. 45, 91449149. J. Tech. Hazard. The copolymer compared to homopolymers showed different retention behavior toward metal ions. (2017). Chemosphere 171, 126133.

On the other hand, the retention capacity of copolymer was lower compared to PAMPS. (2011). doi: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2018.03.012, Trivedi, P., Axe, L., and Dyer, J. Received: 19 January 2018; Accepted: 10 July 2018; Published: 31 July 2018. A., Goyer, C., Coche-Guerente, L., Dumy, P., et al. 47, 65366544. (2010). 43, 36593672. Sci. Mater. (2006). Res. 6:320. doi: 10.3389/fchem.2018.00320. The nature of the polymermetal ion interaction can be classified into two groups.

Ion Exchange Materials Properties and Applications. Water Res. A great advantage of the LPR is the retention of inorganic species in a homogenous medium, avoiding in great part the mass transfer phenomena or diffusion phenomena that are present in a heterogeneous system.

doi: 10.1016/j.desal.2009.11.005, Kagz, H., Durmu, A., and Kagz, A. In addition, for the recuperation of arsenic from contaminated media, new methods on identification and speciation of different form of arsenic have been developed with the aim to improve the levels of sensibility, speed and efficiency on measurements (Thotiyl et al., 2012). Polym. BU update the literature and wrote about nanocomposites. doi: 10.1007/s00289-012-0785-z, Rivas, B. L., Pereira, E. D., and Moreno-Villoslada, I. Eng. Chem. Preparation of triethanolamine functionalized carbon nanotube for aqueous removal of Pb(II). 41, 24342442. prepared a hybrid sorbet for Cu(II) removal using pyromellitic acid dianhydride (PMDA) and N-[3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl] ethylene diamine (TMSPEDA) in a solgel reaction. (2017). Ind. Sci. Water soluble and insoluble polymers are versatile materials for water decontamination. Chem. Tech. Total Environ. Polym. Kickelbick, G. (2003). Preparation of poly(vinylalcohol)/poly(acrylamide-co-vinyl imidazole)/-Fe2O3 semi-IPN nanocomposite and their application for removal of heavy metal ions from water. Polym. J. Macromolecules 10, 949954. (2006). Efficient removal of Cr (VI) and Cu (II) ions from aqueous media by use of polypyrrole/maghemite and polyaniline/maghemite magnetic nanocomposites. 45, 151159. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications. The tin-metal salt is incorporated to the PAA in order to remove As(III) from an aqueous solution (Rivas and Aguirre, 2007). Desalination 252, 3339. 36, 294322. Eng. The mixture of PAMPS and PVP in solution was not efficient for the retention of the studied metal ions (Valle et al., 2015). 51, 127187. Singha Deb, A. K., Dwivedi, V., Dasgupta, K., Musharaf Ali, S., and Shenoy, K. T. (2017). doi: 10.1002/jctb.4109, Urbano, B. F., Rivas, B. L., Martinez, F., and Alexandratos, S. D. (2012b). J. Colloid Interface Sci. A. 47, 83428347. 166, 923931.

doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2008.06.011. Hazard. (2006), Rivas and Aguirre (2007). Prog. Electrochemical oxidation and removal of arsenic using water-soluble polymers. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. The LPR technique was also used in the removal of Cr(VI) ions from aqueous solution using water-soluble poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride), PDDA, and subsequent electrochemical reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III) (Snchez et al., 2017). Eng. doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2012.03.065, Valle, H., Snchez, J., and Rivas, B. L. (2015). Water-soluble polymer and photocatalysis for arsenic removal. 4, 5167. 35, 357401.

Sci. Novel phenyl-iminodiacetic acid grafted multiwalled carbon nanotubes for solid phase extraction of iron, copper and lead ions from aqueous medium. Impregnating titanium phosphate nanoparticles onto a porous cation exchanger for enhanced lead removal from waters. Stuetz, R. M., and Stephenson, T. (2009). Using higher tin content (5, 10, and 20 wt-%), the retention of As(III) was improved at (600:1) and (400:1) poly(AA)-Sn:As(III) mole ratio. High sorption of U(VI) on graphene oxides studied by batch experimental and theoretical calculations. 353, 115. Despite these good results, the selectivity of the technique can be improved. The sorption of rare earth metals such as La(III), Nd(III), Eu(III), Dy(III), and Lu(III) onto a hybrid material was investigated by Roosen et al. At first stage, the complete EO of As(III) to As(V) was performed with a platinum reticulated vitreous carbon-modified electrode and the advancement of the electrolysis was monitored by analytical electrodes. Chem. Tech.

Arsenic removal using polymer-supported hydrated iron(III) oxide nanoparticles: role of donnan membrane effect. 106, 18891894. Sep. Purif. The synthesized hybrid had different contents of 3-(trimethoxysilyl) propylmethacrylatecomonomer that in turn acted as a coupling agent, and solely the change of this compound modified the sorption performance of the hybrid (Campos et al., 2015). doi: 10.1002/pat.3830.

Studies about the use of water-soluble copolymers that contain anionic and cationic sites were performed for the retention of As(V) from water. doi: 10.1021/ma60059a012, Gerth, J. doi: 10.1089/ees.2013.0412, Pan, B., Li, Z., Zhang, Y., Xu, J., Chen, L., Dong, H., et al. Adsorption of Pb (II), Cd (II), Ni (II) and Cu (II) onto natural kaolinite clay. Mater. Eng. Technol. Water-insoluble polymer-clay nanocomposite ion exchange resin based on N-methyl-d polymer-clay nanocomposite ion exchange resin based on N-methyl-dglucamine ligand groups for arsenic removal. Enhanced removal of fluoride by polystyrene anion exchanger supported hydrous zirconium oxide nanoparticles. (2012). By setting firm bonds at the organic-inorganic interface, the loss of some of the constituents and the consequent impair performance can be avoided. Sep. Purif. The results showed a high retention for various metal ions (Rivas et al., 2001). The As(III) oxidation reached 100% after 30 min of illumination with UV-A light. Aspects 191, 107121. doi: 10.1002/pola.21058, Li, Y. H., Ding, J., Luan, Z., Di, Z., Zhu, Y., Xu, C., et al. B Solid State Mater. At higher pH value, PAA is deprotonated and due to electrostatic repulsion of charged carboxylate groups and metal ions are binding with either one or two neighbor groups. However, the reactivity of the anionic polymer chains covered by cationic polymer chains may be considered higher than the free chain. Chem. (A) Retention values for As(III) at different polymer: As(III) mol ratio and tin content for Z = 10 and pH 8.

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A Polym. On the other hand, photocatalysis and LPR have been combined to oxidize As(III) to As(V), and then removed by LPR (Yuksel et al., 2014; Molinari and Argurio, 2017). doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2013.07.076, PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar, Borai, E. H., Breky, M. M. E., Sayed, M. S., and Abo-Aly, M. M. (2015). doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2010.11.075, Say, R., Birlik, E., Denizli, A., and Ersz, A.

Furthermore, titanium oxide (Borai et al., 2015; Urbano et al., 2015; Mahmoud et al., 2017) and aluminum oxide (Onnby et al., 2012; Praipipat et al., 2017) nanocomposites have been obtained to be used as adsorbents. Poly(amidoamine) modified graphene oxide as an efficient adsorbent for heavy metal ions. Res. Effects of crystal modification on the binding of trace metals and arsenate by goethite. (2007). Soc. Dong et al. doi: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2005.03.022, Zhang, Q., Du, Q., Hua, M., Jiao, T., Gao, F., and Pan, B. doi: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2010.11.001, Rivas, B. L., Pooley, S. A., Luna, M., and Geckeler, K. E. (2001). 198, 113120. Lead (Pb2+) and copper (Cu2+) remediation from water using superparamagnetic maghemite (-Fe2O3) nanoparticles synthesized by Flame Spray Pyrolysis (FSP). J. The formation of a coordinate bond or ionic bond can be a result of interactions between the functional polymer and metal ions in solution. Prog. J. Appl. Sci. The (%R) of PAMPS was similar at both pH values (3.2 and 5.7), which indicates that the protons of the media are not interfering on the metal removal. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2004.03.006, DeMarco, M. J., Sengupta, A. K., and Greenleaf, J. E. (2003). Acid and organic resistant nano-hydrated zirconium oxide (HZO)/polystyrene hybrid adsorbent for arsenic removal from water. Figure 4 shows the removal of As(III) and As(V) by LPR. J. Indus. Chem. A. Eng. (2012). Synthesis of water-soluble polymers containing sulfonic acid and amine moieties for the recovery of metal ions using ultrafiltration. A new hybrid (polymer/inorganic) fibrous sorbent for arsenic removal from drinking water. A review on polymerlayered silicate nanocomposites. 161, 9951002. The scientific community is interested to find new methods to produce water of quality, using technologies of low cost, easy use, and higher efficiency compared to conventional treatment such as coagulation and flocculation, chemical precipitation, electrochemical treatment, adsorption, and ion-exchange (Asman, 2009; Chen et al., 2009; Doula, 2009; Nanseu-Njiki et al., 2009; Duan et al., 2010; Jiang et al., 2010). (2016). doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2009.03.007, Chou, Y.-H., Choo, K.-H., Chen, S.-S., Yu, J.-H., Peng, C.-Y., and Li, C.-W. (2018). 58, 4952. Modeling the sorption kinetics of divalent metal ions to hematite. Hybrid Materials: Synthesis, Characterization and Applications.

Technol. P(EI) exhibited the highest metal retention capacities at higher pH values, where the functional groups could coordinate and remove more easily the metal ions. Sci. In addition, photocatalysis has been used in combination to LPR to remove improve removal capacities of arsenic (Yuksel et al., 2014; Molinari and Argurio, 2017). The pH of the media can influence the conformation of the polymer. doi: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2014.04.004, Madadrang, C. J., Kim, H. Y., Gao, G., Wang, N., Zhu, J., Feng, H., et al. The concentrations, forms, and relative ratios of both As(V) and As(III) in water vary significantly depending mainly on changes in the pH and oxidation potential. Adsorption of Cu2+, Cd2+ and Ni2+ from aqueous single metal solutions on graphene oxide membranes. doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2016.12.122, Rajput, S., Singh, L. P., Pittman, C. U. Jr., and Mohan, D. (2017). doi: 10.1016/j.jcis.2012.06.033, Toledo, L., Jelinek, L., Gordyatskaya, Y., Campos, C., and Urbano, B. F. (2018). This is probably due to the interaction of the carboxylate groups of the P(AA) with the quaternary ammonium groups of P(ClMPTA) (Rivas et al., 2006). Graphene-polymer nanocomposites for structural and functional applications. (2012). doi: 10.1016/j.mseb.2013.03.011, Alexandratos, S. D. (2009). The removal of arsenic by water-soluble polymer was obtained in a 99% yield using a 20:1 polymer:As(V) molar ratio at a pH value of 9. (2007). Tan, P., Sun, J., Hu, Y., Fang, Z., Bi, Q., Chen, Y., et al. Sci. Subsequently, the electroanalysis of Cr(VI) was conducted by linear sweep voltammetry and full electrolysis at controlled-potential in acidic media and in the presence of PDDA. Ind. 31, 298305. Sorption enhancement of lead ions from water by surface charged polystyrene-supported nano-zirconium oxide composites. (2012). Front.

The higher As(III) removal capacity (up to 90%) indicates that arsenite species are strongly bounded at basic pH, for example when 400:1 at 10 and 20 wt-% tin content was used. On the other hand, the capture of arsenic from aqueous media is important by high toxicity and environmental impact (Snchez et al., 2015). (2006), Rivas and Aguirre (2007). It is remarkable that the high efficiency of the polycation is kept constant in the recuperation of As(V) species, even at strong higher arsenic concentrations. In general, P(AA) increased its dissociation in the presence of P(ClMPTA). J. Sci. 44, 11641180. (2005). The experimental results indicated the retention of Ni(II) was achieved selectively compared to null retention of Cu(II) and Cd(II) at both pH values using PVP at pH 3.2 and 5.7. doi: 10.1002/pat.999. 42, 37863790. Secondly, and from a commercial perspective, research on composite adsorbents should be addressed toward their production on a larger scale, competitive in sorption capacity and operating costs. A 546, 9198. J. Colloid Interface Sci. One alternative for improving these results is the use of copolymer based on AMPS with a nonionic monomer with a higher tendency to coordinate one of several metal ions in solution (Valle et al., 2015). Sci. Int. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2016.11.054, Monier, M., Ayad, D. M., Wei, Y., and Sarhan, A. Normally, poly(ether sulfone) or regenerated cellulose are used as ultrafiltration membranes with a size exclusion molecular weight of 10 kDa, which is much lower than the molecular weight of the polymer. Mater. Chem. Copyright 2018 Rivas, Urbano and Snchez. After that, the chemical reduction achieved the complete copper recovery for solution containing PSS. (2017). Figure 3. 46, 41114120. Sustain. doi: 10.1021/ie801449k, Chvez-Guajardo, A. E., Medina-Llamas, J. C., Maqueira, L., Andrade, C. A. S., Alves, K. G. B., and De Melo, C. P. (2015). Chem. doi: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2013.05.008, Rivas, B. L., and Aguirre, M. D. C. (2007).

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At pH 8, As(III) is found anion-dissociated salt in equilibrium with monovalent anions (H2AsO3-). Prog. Adsorption of Ni(II) from aqueous solution using oxidized multiwall carbon nanotubes. Desalin. Chem. Coating carbon nanotubes with humic acid using an eco-friendly mechanochemical method: application for Cu(II) ions removal from water and aquatic ecotoxicity. Sci. Polymer nanocomposites that combine the different properties of inorganic compounds and polymers, can not only enhance the physical properties (for example, mechanical stability), but also, the addition of nanoparticles can provide novel functionalities such ads magnetic characteristics useful to facilitated the separation, or new surfaces of interaction that improve the efficiency and selectivity of the adsorption. (2008). doi: 10.1021/je301168m, Zhang, Y., Wu, B., Xu, H., Liu, H., Wang, M., He, Y., et al. 39, 14981525. 9, 173181. Prog. J. Fisher, L. W., Sochor, A. R., and Tan, J. S. (1977). 101, 230240. 6, 2837928387. However, the copolymer showed a marked selectivity toward nickel ions and the retention of Cu2+ and Cd(II) increased respect to PVP. 39, 65086515. Eng. Polym. Also, to synthesize more stable composites (mechanical and chemically) during the adsorption process, the interaction between the organic-inorganic phases is of greater importance. Polym. Adsorption of Cu(II), Co(II), and Ni(II) ions by modified magnetic chitosan chelating resin. Figure 4. In addition, different polymer:As(V) molar ratios (31:1, 20:1, 10:1, 6:1, and 3:1) have been studied. Heavy metals removal using hydrogel-supported nanosized hydrous ferric oxide: synthesis, characterization, and mechanism.

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