This concept would be applicable to airfoils on high-speed aircraft as well as inlet and diffuser flow control. An analytical theory is compared with measurement and simulation results and enables closer understanding of these actuators. It is known that these types of flow control prevent separation.

In this study, the platelet-shaped graphene was used as a conductive additive in porous electrodes of a dry-type polymer actuator consisting of carbon nanotube (CNT), ionic liquid, and a base polymer to improve actuation properties. Also compared are values of energy density and hysteresis in the strain, stress and electric displacement vs. field loops. Hydrogel-based actuators that can imitate the capabilities of leptocephali will enable new applications in diverse fields. Each state of the system is stable and can be maintained without actuator power. To solve the problem of the small deformation of PVs and improve the overall performance of PMPs, an FD PMP based on hydraulic amplification was designed, and its amplification unit was analyzed theoretically and tested experimentally. A non-collinear valve actuator includes a primary actuating system and a return spring system with each applying forces to a linkage system in order to regulate the flow of a quarter-turn valve. The dc contact type RF switch was packaged using the wafer-level bonding process. Theoretical and experimental study on active sound transmission control based on single structural mode actuation using point force actuators. The experiments show that the spring-assist actuators reduced the required motor torque during walking. In particular, the issues associated with integration of these devices into MEMS at the production level are highly significant and they have perhaps received less attention in the mainstream than they deserve. A multitude of small scale applications down to micrometer size have been developed, but up-scaling remains challenging due to either limitations in mechanical stiffness of the material or in the manufacturing processes. Arrays of bistable MEM actuators can be formed for applications including nonvolatile memories, optical displays and optical computing. The relatively easy setup procedure and simple design indicated that the actuator system had the potential to be applied in many different clinical studies. Barzegar, Hamid Reza; Yan, Aiming; Coh, Sinisa; Gracia-Espino, Eduardo; Dunn, Gabriel; Wgberg, Thomas; Louie, Steven G; Cohen, Marvin L; Zettl, Alex. PMID:27670953, Hybrid electromechanical actuator and actuation system, Su, Ji (Inventor); Xu, Tian-Bing (Inventor).

The desirable feature set is made possible by a novel soft origamic chamber that expands radially while contracts axially when pressurized.

The paper outlines techniques to define the optimal location of actuators to excite particular modes of vibration whilst the blade is rotating. That makes dielectric elastomers promising materials for actuators. The cluster is redundant and economical.

Nowadays, gas flows in the slip flow regime through microchannels can be modeled using commercial Computational Fluid Dynamics softwares, because in this regime the compressible Navier-Stokes equations with appropriate boundary conditions are still valid.

Automatic design of fiber-reinforced soft actuators for trajectory matching, Connolly, Fionnuala; Walsh, Conor J.; Bertoldi, Katia.

Thermocouple for heating and cooling of memory metal actuators. We validated the test setup by characterising a carbon black/silicone composite that we commonly use as compliant electrode.

T-slide actuators can be controlled using the combination of an off, Fabrication and actuation of electro-active polymer actuator based on PSMI-incorporated PVDF, Lu, Jun; Kim, Sang-Gyun; Lee, Sunwoo; Oh, Il-Kwon.

Two new actuators being considered by the United States Air Force to reduce buffet loads on high performance aircraft were embedded into the fins of an F/A-18 wind-tunnel model and tested in the Transonic Dynamics Tunnel at the NASA Langley Research Center.

When adjacently spaced in a array, microfluidic actuators can create arbitrary surface profiles in response to a change in the operating environment of the surface.

We present a design strategy that takes a kinematic trajectory as its input and uses analytical modeling based on nonlinear elasticity and optimization to identify the optimal design parameters for an actuator that will follow this trajectory upon pressurization. Each cylindrical actuator is coupled to concentrically-adjacent ones of the cylindrical actuators such that the plurality of cylindrical actuators can experience telescopic movement. A superconducting field coil, however, eliminates the need for back iron, resulting in an actuator weight of approximately 1000 lbs. After 30 cycles of circulating disruption, 80.6% and 90.5% cell disruption rates were achieved for the HEK293 cell sample and human natural killer cell sample, respectively. To enhance ion migration effect in the cellulose, polypyrrole conducting polymer and ionic liquids were nanocoated on the cellulose film. The RTD temperature is controlled electronically by injecting a varying amount of current into the device whilst measuring the voltage across it.

The performance of actuators with several bellows configurations was compared for a range of applied currents (1-10 mA). In case of a multilayer stack-actuator, many actuator films are mechanically stacked in series and electrically connected in parallel. Design of a piezoelectric-hydraulic pump with active valves. The motor controller may be electrically coupled with the actuator, and configured to provide an electrical current having a first amplitude to the actuator until a stall tension is achieved through the tendon; provide a pulse current to the actuator following the achievement of the stall tension, where the amplitude of the pulse current is greater than the first amplitude, and return the motor to a steady state holding current following the conclusion of the pulse current. Soft actuators made from elastomeric active materials can find widespread potential implementation in a variety of applications ranging from assistive wearable technologies targeted at biomedical rehabilitation or assistance with activities of daily living, bioinspired and biomimetic systems, to gripping and manipulating fragile objects, and adaptable locomotion. MEMS earthworm: a thermally actuated peristaltic linear micromotor, Arthur, Craig; Ellerington, Neil; Hubbard, Ted; Kujath, Marek.

These robots are anticipated to take a prominent role in delicate tasks where classic robots fail, such as in minimally invasive surgery, active prosthetics, and automation tasks involving delicate irregular objects. Computed mean and standard deviation of velocity profiles generated by a family of fluidic actuators in quiescent air are compared with experimental data. Gradient radio-frequency electromagnetic forces are used to achieve actuation of both cantilever and doubly clamped beam structures, with operation frequencies ranging from a few MHz to 50MHz. The actuator housing can be configured and produced using cost-effective methods such as injection molding, or alternatively, its components can be mounted directly on a small circuit board. The concept presented makes the huge electrostatic forces within nanometre small electrode separation accessible for large deflections. permission is required to reuse all or part of the article published by MDPI, including figures and tables.

Recovery study shows results between 97.9% and 105.8%. To address these issues, we report an easy-to-fabricate triple-state actuator with controllable folding behaviors based on bilayer polymer composites with different glass transition temperatures.

Furthermore, the actuators associated with the optimum design are shown to have high effectiveness indices.

No commercially-available linear actuator or modification capable of meeting the specifications was found.

In the first design tested, it was found that creep in the thermal actuator limited the number of skip-free cycles, as the rest position of the actuator would creep forward enough to prevent the counter-rotation pawls from fully engaging (Figure 3). However, the circular DEAP membrane actuator shows a potential increase in stroke in the mm range, when combined with an appropriate biasing mechanism2. Alneamy, A. M.; Khater, M. E.; Al-Ghamdi, M. S.; Park, S.; Heppler, G. R.; Abdel-Rahman, E. M. This paper investigates the performance of cantilever-type micro-mirrors under electromagnetic, electrostatic and dual actuation. Progressive miniaturization and mass market orientation denote a challenge to the design of dynamic optical systems such as zoom-lenses.

angle to an X and Z axis providing rotation of the actuator housing assembly about the Y axis. The combination of increased stroke, smaller mass, and smaller volume would be obtained at the cost of decreased actuation force: The proposed actuator would generate a force in the approximate range of 1 to 4 N, the exact amount depending on operating conditions and details of design. Based on the FEM results, the new membrane actuator system was assembled and its static and dynamic performance was experimentally evaluated including the dynamic magnetic response of the hybrid magnet. Development of multilayer conducting polymer actuator for power application, Ikushima, Kimiya; Kudoh, Yuji; Hiraoka, Maki; Yokoyama, Kazuo; Nagamitsu, Sachio, In late years many kinds of home-use robot have been developed to assist elderly care and housework.

Propellant Actuated Devices. Thermal MEMS (Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems) actuators and sensors have a wide range of applications.

An artificial muscle actuator for biomimetic underwater propulsors.

A third model is based on the unsteady-state actuator line approach. Firstly, a POP BT ceramic piece was fabricated and the actuation testing results show that local large actuation strain of 0.36% can be obtained under a field of 2kV mm1 at 0.1 Hz. Hydraulic actuator moves several nuclear-reactor control rods in unison. The X-38 Crew Rescue Vehicle V-201 space flight test article was designed to achieve an aerodynamically controlled re-entry from orbit in part through the use of two body mounted flaps on the lower rear side.

Both the actuation displacement and working temperature of the actuator films show the monotonically increasing trend with increasing driving voltage within the actuation process.

The study achieved good correlation between theory and experiment.

A fully reconfigurable, pneumatic bending actuator is fabricated by implementing the concept of modularity to soft robotics. This article focuses on the shape control of a cantilever beam by using dielectric elastomer actuators.

Moreover, few of the existing polymer actuators are able to show the self-folding behaviors with the precise control of curvature and force. Benchtop investigations of the smaller actuator reveal that the jet exiting the actuator has a reduced sweep angle compared to published data for larger versions of this type of actuator.

The basic element of a light-driven bimorph actuator of the present developmental type is a cantilever beam comprising two layers, at least one of which is a polymer that exhibits a photomechanical effect (see figure). In Proceedings of the MHA98 1998 International Symposium on Micromechatronics and Human Science.-Creation of New Industry-(Cat. The support actuators must also maintain the prescribed forces accurately during tracking to maintain acceptable mirror figure. The MSL valves contain similar actuators that utilize thermal expansion of a silicone oil, because silicone-oil actuators were found to afford greater and more nearly linear displacements, needed for smoother actuation, over the required wider temperature range. In order to determine the relationship between the input voltages and the bending moments, the simplified RC model is used, and the mechanical beam theory is used for the bending motion of IPMC actuators. Discussion of static and dynamic seals, mechanical transmission of motion, and instrumentation is included to the extent that actuator or operator design is affected. The implementation of the MEMS technology gives rise to generate high-efficiency microfluidic tools for satisfying the needs in the biomedical industry.

Snedigar, Shane; Salton, Jonathan Robert; Tappan, Alexander Smith, There are numerous applications for small-scale actuation utilizing pyrotechnics and explosives.

Experiment results indicate that using only one piezoelectric actuator and simple sawtooth wave control, the rotary actuator reaches the rotation velocity of about 20,097 rad/s when the driving voltage is 100 V and the driving frequency is 90 Hz.

The unsteady flow generated by such actuators is simulated using the lattice Boltzmann based solver PowerFLOW R .

255260. The failure of actuators was also analyzed considering some typical failure modes like electromechanical instability, electrical breakdown, loss of tension and maximum tolerant stretch.

Besides that, the pump actuators exhibited excellent stability under cyclic actuation tests.

The boundary conditions are summarized as: First, the voltage is applied to the piezoelectric material, and the displacement and velocity are calculated. The required joint torque is generated by the spring as well as the electrical motor, which results in a decrease of maximum required torque for the motor. These measurements reveal that in a given oscillation cycle, the oscillating jet spends more time on each of the Coanda surfaces. Typically, the material changes shape by elongating in the axial direction and constricting in the radial direction, resulting in no net change in volume. We show the dielectrophoretic actuation of single-crystal diamond nanomechanical devices. From the results, it can be concluded that the actuator acts approximately as a linear system at frequencies up to 1000 Hz. Task 7C: Augmentor wing cruise blowing valveless system.

Fluidic actuators for active flow control on airframe. One is the expansion actuator and the other is the contraction actuator.

Also affiliated with Naval Undersea Warfare Center, Division Newport. Another improvement is to move (fold) both sets of thermal beams to the same side of the shuttle so all are exerting force on the same side. SWNT fibers provide maximum isometric actuator stress values of 20-26 MPa, which is about 5-10 times larger that those corresponding to SWNT sheets. Operational testing of the LPMA demonstrated that the actuator is capable of various types of load functions.

Magpol composites have an interesting ability to undergo large strains in response to an external magnetic field.

A conventional moving-coil dc linear actuator would meet the specification, but the back-iron for this actuator would weigh approximately 12,000 lbs.

In contrast, active optical components change their optical properties by varying their physical structure by means of applying external electric signals. Two steady-state models based on the actuator disk approach are considered, using either a uniform thrust or a blade element momentum calculation of the wind turbine loads. tgK=QiedS&xoZ We describe several variations of Series Elastic Actuators that have been developed using both electric and hydraulic components.

Assemblies containing curved piezoceramic fiber composite actuators have been invented as means of stretching optical fibers by amounts that depend on applied drive voltages. Polymeric blends for sensor and actuation dual functionality, St. Clair, Terry L. (Inventor); Harrison, Joycelyn S. (Inventor); Su, Ji (Inventor); Ounaies, Zoubeida (Inventor). With the new actuation mechanism, the fish robot has a 30% smaller cross section than our previous model. To meet these requirements, candidate pneumatic cylinders incorporating force feedback control and high speed servo valves are being tested using custom instrumentation with automatic data recording. A single 300-m-diameter integrated MWNT/NGG coiled yarn produced 0.7 MPa stress and a contractile specific work power of up to 4.7 kW/kg, while combustion front propagated along the yarn at a velocity up to 10 m/s. The monolithic actuators are fabricated using a layered manufacturing technique, fused deposition of ceramics, which is capable of prototyping electroceramic components with complex shapes.

A custom VLSI chip, integrated with the sensor/actuator elements, controls the local behavior of the plate. In particular, for agility enhancement at high angle of attack and low dynamic pressure, structural integration characteristics such as hinge moments, effective actuator stiffness, and airframe/control surface damping can have a significant effect on stability predictions. The simple tetragonal structure of BT ceramics makes it easier to understand the mechanism of reversible domain switching in POP ceramics and its lead-free characteristic is more promising. This objective attempts to identify which model (ranging from simple orifice exit boundary conditions to full numerical simulations of the actuator) is appropriate for a given error tolerance. The displacement range is preferably the stroke of the actuator. In the quiescent environment of a Faraday cage the velocity flow field is recorded using particle image velocimetry. The disposed actuators are monolithic multilayer actuators of the piezo injector system. The strong frequency dependence can be exploited to address different surfaces with different acoustic frequencies, thus achieving wireless actuation with multiple degrees of freedom. Feature

Providing 13 mm of stroke with either 20- or 40-N output force in two different models, the Aero actuator is made from low-outgassing PEEK (polyether ether ketone) plastic, stainless steel, and nickel-titanium SMA wires. These benefits include high force fidelity, extremely low impedance, low friction, and good force control bandwidth.

The developed simulation tool is used for the preliminary design of Knudsen micropumps consisting of a sequence of curved and straight channels. After switching the voltage off, the pump membrane moves upwards resulting in a decrease in pressure. Optimum placement of multiple traditional piezoceramic actuators is determined for active structural acoustic control of flat panels.

Actually, there are further actuators driven at 10 Hz for more than 4000 hours and still working. Influence of driving voltage on system performance, Three test prototypes with different heights of the pump cavity and LSC were made for the experiments, and the parameters of the prototype are given in, C. Effect of driving frequency on system performance, The voltage was set to 150V while keeping the other parameters unchanged, and the self-priming height, output pressure, and output flow of the three prototypes were measured under different driving frequencies.

The rigid links are also printed by a 3D fused deposition modelling (FDM) printer with acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) as print material.

The linear actuation force, resulting from the pneumatic force caused by expanding gases confined within the pores of laminar structures and twisted carbon nanotube yarns, can be further amplified by increasing NGG loading and yarns twist density, as well as selecting NGG compositions with high energy density and large-volume gas generation.

The 3D pore-interconnected G-PPy pillar exhibits strong actuation responses superior to pure graphene and PPy film. The proposed sensor methodology is generic and can be applied to piezoelectric actuators of different geometries and configurations for uses in microrobotic applications. An elastic element is connected in series with the motor drive transmission, and this elastic element is positioned to alone support the full weight of any load connected at an output of the actuator.

These results indicated that the shear-bending actuator based on hard piezoelectric ceramics was more suitable for high-temperature piezoelectric applications. Finally, prototypes are produced and an experimental platform is built for testing. Recombination detection using the dosing system, as well as, effects of coil separation distance and misalignment in wireless power and data transfer were studied. Here, we demonstrate similar phenomena using sinusoidal actuation of a dielectric membrane wing. Garner, L. J.; Wilson, L. N.; Lagoudas, D. C.; Rediniotis, O. K. The development of a biomimetic active hydrofoil that utilizes shape memory alloy (SMA) actuator technology is presented. (Inventor).

This enables the possibility of such actuators to manipulate a, living cell on an intracellular level.

In a preferred embodiment, cooling ports are provided for the circulation of coolant in the actuator to cool the crystal stack, and provision is made for removal and replacement of the crystal stack without disconnecting the actuator from the external device being actuated.

Furthermore, in an attempt to propose a potential material to be used as valves, polyester urethanes (PU) could be a suitable candidate [. The frame can have a plurality of configurations including, such as, for example, at least two members that can be, but not limited to, curved beams, rods, plates, or parallel beams. The printed soft parallel actuator is then immersed into NaOH solution with specific voltage applied to it via two contactless electrodes. Tamanaha, C. R.; Whitman, L. J.; Colton, R. J. Sensor-actuator system for dynamic chloride ion determination. We report here a class of microfluidic pump designs based on tilted flexible structures that combines the concepts of cilia (flexible elastic elements) and rectifiers (e.g., Tesla valves, check valves). Using commercial COMSOL software, the flow profiles of microfluidics in various cross-shaped microchannels were simulated qualitatively under different pumping pressures.

The tough and stable ionogels are emerging to fabricate electric double-layer capacitor-like soft actuators, which can be driven by electrically induced ion migration. Total actuation energy was determined by calculating the kinetic energy of reaction mass motion against gravity. Soft, pneumatic actuators that buckle when interior pressure is less than exterior provide a new mechanism of actuation. Each flat section extends axially along the central section from a distal end of the central section to a proximal end of the central section. diode 808nm packaged cooled unmounted

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